Abstract
Respiration is known to be a significant modulator of heart rate, and the high-frequency component in the power spectrum of heart rate variability (HRV) is believed to be caused mainly by respiration. To investigate the effect of respiration on heart rate, cross-spectral analysis of electrocardiographic (ECG) and nostril airflow signals was performed in healthy subjects to find the common features of ECG and respiration. Forty-two healthy subjects were included in this study. The autospectra of respective ECG and nostril airflow signals and the cross-spectra of ECG and nostril airflow signals were obtained and compared with the corresponding conventional HRV measures. We found that there were two spectral peaks at around 0.03 Hz and 0.3 Hz in the autospectrum of nostril airflow and the cross-spectrum of ECG and nostril airflow. In addition, the cross-spectral normalized high-frequency power (nHFPcs) was significantly larger than that of conventional HRV, while the cross-spectral normalized very low-frequency power (nVLFPcs), normalized low-frequency power (nLFPcs), and low-/high-frequency power ratio (LHRcs) were significantly lower than those of the conventional HRV. The cross-spectral nLFPcs and LHRcs had positive correlations with their corresponding HRV measures. We conclude that cross-spectral analysis of ECG and nostril airflow signals identifies two respiratory frequencies at around 0.03 Hz and below and around 0.3 Hz and can yield significantly enhanced nHFPcs and significantly suppressed nVLFPcs, as compared to their counterparts in conventional HRV. Both very low-frequency and high-frequency components of HRV are caused in part or mainly by respiration.
Highlights
Respiration is known to be a significant modulator of heart rate, and the high-frequency component in the power spectrum of heart rate variability (HRV) is believed to be caused mainly by respiration
We conclude that cross-spectral analysis of ECG and nostril airflow signals identifies two respiratory frequencies at around 0.03 Hz and below and around 0.3 Hz and can yield significantly enhanced nHFPcs and significantly suppressed nVLFPcs, as compared to their counterparts in conventional HRV
HRV is Journal of Healthcare Engineering termed respiratory sinus arrhythmia, because heart rate oscillation can be influenced by the pattern and depth of breathing. e frequency at which the high-frequency component locates in the power spectrum of RR intervals is the respiratory frequency
Summary
Wan-An Lu ,1 Jui-Feng Lin ,2,3 Chen-Hsu Wang ,4 Yung-Sheng Chen ,5 Ying-Hua Shieh ,6 and Cheng-Deng Kuo 7,8,9. We conclude that cross-spectral analysis of ECG and nostril airflow signals identifies two respiratory frequencies at around 0.03 Hz and below and around 0.3 Hz and can yield significantly enhanced nHFPcs and significantly suppressed nVLFPcs, as compared to their counterparts in conventional HRV. Both very low-frequency and highfrequency components of HRV are caused in part or mainly by respiration. E aims of this study were to investigate the effects of respiration on heart rate modulation and to compare the cross-spectral measures of ECG and nostril airflow with their corresponding conventional HRV measures Since respiration is one of the most important modulators of heart rate, examining the association between the electrocardiographic (ECG) and nostril airflow signals might give us more insight into the role played by respiration in the regulation of heart rate. e aims of this study were to investigate the effects of respiration on heart rate modulation and to compare the cross-spectral measures of ECG and nostril airflow with their corresponding conventional HRV measures
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