Abstract
Many components of the innate immune system are evolutionarily conserved and shared across many living organisms, from plants and invertebrates to humans. Therefore, these shared features can allow the comparative study of potentially dangerous substances, such as engineered nanoparticles (NPs). However, differences of methodology and procedure between diverse species and models make comparison of innate immune responses to NPs between organisms difficult in many cases. To this aim, this review provides an overview of suitable methods and assays that can be used to measure NP immune interactions across species in a multidisciplinary approach. The first part of this review describes the main innate immune defense characteristics of the selected models that can be associated to NPs exposure. In the second part, the different modes of exposure to NPs across models (considering isolated cells or whole organisms) and the main endpoints measured are discussed. In this synergistic perspective, we provide an overview of the current state of important cross-disciplinary immunological models to study NP-immune interactions and identify future research needs. As such, this paper could be used as a methodological reference point for future nano-immunosafety studies.
Highlights
Document and Technical Annexes for Biological Effects Monitoring. 2013
Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1528 these materials have remarkable optical, magnetic, electrical, catalytic, structural, and chemical properties, which can be exploited in many different sectors such as automotive, chemical properties, which can be exploited in many different sectors such as automotive, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields [2,3,4,5]
Further humoral factors is involved in recognition of nonself material, and especially in detecting mechanisms of defense rely on dual components of the immune system, the immune cells domains called pathogen/microbe associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) that and the production of humoral factors
Summary
Over the last twenty years, there has been a significant growth in the research, development, and production of engineered NPs [1]. When materials are downsized to the nanoscale, novel physical and chemical properties emerge, conferring them with new and unique behaviors. Depending on their nature (e.g., composition, size, shape, surface state), these materials have remarkable optical, magnetic, electrical, catalytic, structural, and Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1528. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1528 these materials have remarkable optical, magnetic, electrical, catalytic, structural, and chemical properties, which can be exploited in many different sectors such as automotive, chemical properties, which can be exploited in many different sectors such as automotive, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields [2,3,4,5]. The mainroutes exposure routes to NPs in both and environmental risks.
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