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Abstract
This study investigated associations between objectively measured physical activity (PA) with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older British men. Participants were men aged 70–92years (n=1286) recruited from UK Primary Care Centres. Outcomes included (i) sarcopenia, defined as low muscle mass (lowest two fifths of the mid-upper arm muscle circumference distribution) accompanied by low muscular strength (hand grip strength <30kg) or low physical performance (gait speed≤0.8m/s); (ii) severe sarcopenia, required all three conditions; (iii) sarcopenic obesity defined as sarcopenia or severe sarcopenia and a waist circumference of >102cm. Independent variables included time spent in PA intensities measured by GT3x accelerometers, worn during one week in 2010–12. Multinomial regression models were used for cross-sectional analyses relating PA and sarcopenia. In total, 14.2% (n=183) of men had sarcopenia and a further 5.4% (n=70) had severe sarcopenia. 25.3% of sarcopenic or severely sarcopenic men were obese. Each extra 30min per day of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was associated with a reduced risk of severe sarcopenia (relative risk [RR] 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30, 0.93) and sarcopenic obesity (RR 0.47 [95% CI 0.27, 0.84]). Light PA (LPA) and sedentary breaks were marginally associated with a reduced risk of sarcopenic obesity. Sedentary time was marginally associated with an increased risk of sarcopenic obesity independent of MVPA (RR 1.18 [95% CI 0.99, 1.40]). MVPA may reduce the risk of severe sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity among older men. Reducing sedentary time and increasing LPA and sedentary breaks may also protect against sarcopenic obesity.
Highlights
Normal aging involves important changes to body composition, including decreased muscle mass and increased fat mass (Zamboni et al, 2008)
Analyses between physical activity (PA) and the individual components of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity showed that PA was not associated with muscle mass alone, suggesting that PA may be more important for preserving a healthy weight, physical performance and muscular strength in older men
The prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity was comparable with previous waves data when we used the same definition (Atkins et al, 2014a), suggesting that the discrepancies mainly reflect our use of the EWGSOP diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia (Cruz-Jentoft et al, 2010), including objective measures of gait speed and grip strength that were previously unavailable
Summary
Normal aging involves important changes to body composition, including decreased muscle mass and increased fat mass (Zamboni et al, 2008). The age-related loss of muscle mass combined with loss of muscular strength and/or function is referred to as sarcopenia and occurs in up to 29% of community-dwelling older adults (Cruz-Jentoft et al, 2014). As physical activity (PA) is associated with lower fat mass and increased muscular strength and function (Bann et al, 2015; Shephard et al, 2013; Kuh et al, 2005), it may significantly reduce the risk of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, making it one of the most important modifiable. Resistance training is beneficial for improving muscular strength and function in the elderly (Cruz-Jentoft et al, 2014)
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