Abstract
Economies worldwide vary greatly in terms of how much their consumers spend on various types of retail activities. The purpose of this article is to examine how the regulatory characteristics as well as the natures and strategies of businesses are related to retail spending. Random effect time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) models linear in parameters were employed for forty-eight economies using annual data for the 1999–2008 period. The results provided strong support that economic freedom, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, and access and availability as measured by the density of retail stores positively affect retail spending. It was also found that tax and social security contributions as a proportion of the gross domestic product (GDP) is positively related to per capita grocery retail spending.
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