Abstract
Traditional seismic data acquisition systems used for surveying during the exploration of oil and gas rely on cables between geophones and the data collection center. Despite the fact that cable-based systems provide reliable seismic data transfer, their deployment and maintenance costs increase substantially as the survey area increases in scale. Therefore, a three layer wireless network architecture is proposed in this work, which consists of wireless geophones (WG) and a data center with an intermediate wireless gateway node (WGN). This paper investigates the aggregate data throughput, transmission time, and energy consumption from WGs to the WGN in a wireless geophone network architecture based on the IEEE 802.11af standard. This standard is considered in order to have the maximum possible range and low power consumption due to operating in TV bands. Analytical expressions of the aforementioned quantities are derived using Markov chain models. Two Markov models are considered for this purpose: one for modeling the access method that allows multiple WGs to connect to a WGN and the other for representing a buffer in a WG. Since seismic data is recorded at regular intervals, arrivals of data packets in the buffer of the WG is deterministic. On the other hand, departure is random due to the multiple access method. Hence, in this work D/M/1/B queue is used for the first time to model the buffer in a wireless geophone. Furthermore, the physical layer constraints are also taken into account together with proper wireless path-loss channel models. The results obtained are useful for designing such wireless seismic networks without extensive simulations. In particular, the proposed joint medium access control, physical layer, and D/M/1/B model enables us to optimize the required number of WGNs. Finally, sectoring is also introduced in order to minimize the total number of WGNs needed to cover the whole surveying area.
Highlights
For many years, oil and gas companies relied on cable-based architectures to transmit data from geophones to a data collection center
The proposed joint PHY, medium access control (MAC) and buffering model is built on the work of Daneshgaran et al [18]. We extend this model so that it incorporates the general mechanisms at MAC and PHY layer, and other PHY layer parameters and constraints, such as, Signal-toNoise Ratio (SNR), encoding, modulation, and hardware and MAC layer functionality, i.e., request to send and clear to send (RTS/CTS) mechanism
The reason is that this model is suitable for the scenario at hand, i.e., deterministic packet arrivals and random departure
Summary
Oil and gas companies relied on cable-based architectures to transmit data from geophones to a data collection center. The reason is that this model is suitable for the scenario at hand, i.e., deterministic packet arrivals (seismic data is recorded at regular intervals) and random departure (communication between WG and WGN is carried out using CSMA/CA) This is in contrast to the previous works, in which the idle probability is either taken as input to the MAC model, i.e., considered to be known [11], or calculated using assumption of small buffer size with random arrivals [22]. The analytical expressions for the throughput, transmission time and energy consumption are derived using MAC, PHY and D/M/1/B queue model and shown to be useful for designing the seismic acquisition network without extensive simulations.
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