Cross-Kingdom Extracellular Vesicles EV-RNA Communication as a Mechanism for Host-Pathogen Interaction.

Isadora Filipaki Munhoz Da Rocha,Rafaela Ferreira Amatuzzi,Lysangela Ronalte Alves,Helisson Faoro,Aline Castro Rodrigues Lucena

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.593160

Isadora Filipaki Munhoz Da Rocha, Rafaela Ferreira Amatuzzi + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.593160

Copy DOI

Abstract

The extracellular vesicle (EVs) traffic has been highlighted as a very important pathway of cellular communication. EVs are produced by prokaryotes and eukaryotes organisms and can carry molecules to help maintain homeostasis, responding to general disbalance, infections, and allowing rapid modulation of the immune system. In the context of infection, EVs from both the host and the pathogen have been identified as playing roles in the recruitment of immunological molecules that can lead to the resolution of the infection or the host’s defeat. Bacterial vesicles RNA cargo play roles in the host cell by regulating gene expression and modulating immune response. In fungi the RNA molecules present in EVs are diverse and participate in communication between the host and pathogenic fungi. Little is known about how cross-kingdom sRNA trafficking occurs, although in recent years, there has been an increase in studies that relate EV participation in sRNA delivery. This review aims to elucidate and update the reader concerning the role of extracellular vesicles, with emphasis in the RNA content. We describe the EVs during infection from the host point-of-view, as well as the bacteria and fungi pathogens producing EVs that help the establishment of the disease.

Highlights

Cell communication is crucial for organisms to maintain homeostasis and respond to adverse conditions, as during an infection
Extracellular Vesicles and Host–Pathogen Interaction of extracellular vesicles is regulated by various mechanisms that culminate with shedding at the plasma membrane, which can occur spontaneously or in response to certain conditions (Théry et al, 2009)
We provide an overview of RNAs enclosed in extracellular vesicles, with an emphasis on both the host and the bacteria and fungi pathogens, that are common agents of infection worldwide

Summary

Introduction

Cell communication is crucial for organisms to maintain homeostasis and respond to adverse conditions, as during an infection. Distinct pathways are involved in cell communication, such as direct cell contact and molecular secretion and the transfer of extracellular vesicles (Raposo and Stoorvogel, 2013). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are defined as cell-derived particles delimited by a lipid bilayer that cannot replicate and can carry different cargos across the organism; EVs include entities such as apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and microvesicles (Koliha et al, 2016; Théry et al, 2018). Extracellular Vesicles and Host–Pathogen Interaction of extracellular vesicles is regulated by various mechanisms that culminate with shedding at the plasma membrane, which can occur spontaneously or in response to certain conditions (Théry et al, 2009). The EV content is closely related to cell-type specificity and is influenced by the physiological or pathological state of the cell (Kalluri and LeBleu, 2020)

Objectives

Conclusion