Abstract
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have become a new hot research area. However, due to the work dynamics and harsh ocean environment, how to obtain an UWSN with the best systematic performance while deploying as few sensor nodes as possible and setting up self-adaptive networking is an urgent problem that needs to be solved. Consequently, sensor deployment, networking, and performance calculation of UWSNs are challenging issues, hence the study in this paper centers on this topic and three relevant methods and models are put forward. Firstly, the normal body-centered cubic lattice to cross body-centered cubic lattice (CBCL) has been improved, and a deployment process and topology generation method are built. Then most importantly, a cross deployment networking method (CDNM) for UWSNs suitable for the underwater environment is proposed. Furthermore, a systematic quar-performance calculation model (SQPCM) is proposed from an integrated perspective, in which the systematic performance of a UWSN includes coverage, connectivity, durability and rapid-reactivity. Besides, measurement models are established based on the relationship between systematic performance and influencing parameters. Finally, the influencing parameters are divided into three types, namely, constraint parameters, device performance and networking parameters. Based on these, a networking parameters adjustment method (NPAM) for optimized systematic performance of UWSNs has been presented. The simulation results demonstrate that the approach proposed in this paper is feasible and efficient in networking and performance calculation of UWSNs.
Highlights
71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water
Against the background that increasing attention is being paid to effectively safeguarding national marine rights and interests, the upsurge of marine economic development and significant progress in wireless sensor networks, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have become a new hot research area
Due to the constantly changing network topology, and the fact that working times and scope of coverage are affected by the energy consumption, high variability in the acoustic channel, and the complex relationship between influencing factors and performance parameters, node deployment, networking, and performance calculation of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are challenging issues
Summary
71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. As a result, the deep ocean is a vast and mostly unexplored habitat on our planet. There has been a growing interest in exploring and monitoring ocean environments either for scientific exploration, for commercial exploitation, or for navy military surveillance. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), as ideal systems for this type of extensive monitoring and exploration missions, have become a new Sensors 2017, 17, 1619; doi:10.3390/s17071619 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors. Sensors 2017, 17, 1619 hot research area [1,2]. UWSNs, employed in deep ocean exploration and underwater monitoring, are composed by three types of nodes: the master nodes, sensor nodes and mobile nodes, which together form a three dimensional (3D) network, popularly used in resource exploration, underwater monitoring and communication, etc. Some requirements need to be met in order to fulfill functions such as ocean exploration and underwater monitoring. Since the sensor nodes are distributed in a wide area range, a wide range of monitoring is required. To collect and process data effectively, UWSNs are required to have high data transmission capability, including short delay, higher bandwidth and good QoS
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