Abstract
BackgroundThe Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a valid and reliable instrument that evaluates pain self-efficacy beliefs in people with pain conditions. However, it has not been validated and used in Ethiopia. We conducted this study to translate, adapt, and test the psychometric properties of the PSEQ in the Amharic language and Ethiopian context for its use with people experiencing low back pain (LBP).MethodsThe PSEQ was translated into Amharic and then back-translated into English. An expert review committee created a final Amharic version of the tool (PSEQ-Am), followed by pilot testing and cognitive debriefing with a sample of 20 people with LBP. The psychometric properties of the final version of PSEQ-Am were assessed in a sample of 240 people with LBP recruited from three rehabilitation centers in Ethiopia. Cronbach’s alpha and Intra-class correlation coefficient were calculated to describe the reliability and internal consistency of the tool. The SF-36-Am bodily pain subscale was used to assess convergent validity. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were performed to determine the dimensionality of the instrument.ResultsPSEQ-Am demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.93) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.91). As hypothesized, the tool demonstrated a significant moderate correlation with the Bodily Pain subscale of the SF-36-Am (Rho = 0.51, p < 0.01). EFA analysis shows that the Amharic version of PSEQ is a dominant one factor and secondary two factor structure.ConclusionThis study shows that PSEQ-Am is a reliable and valid tool that can be used in both clinical practice and research in the Ethiopian low back pain population.
Highlights
The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a valid and reliable instrument that evaluates pain selfefficacy beliefs in people with pain conditions
Phase 1 - cross-cultural translation and adaption The translators and the panel of experts reached an agreement during the translation and adaption of the PSEQ into the Ethiopian context
Since the direct translation of “active” into Amharic language is broad and can result in a different interpretation of the item, a modification was made to increase the conceptual equivalence of the tool by the participants
Summary
The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a valid and reliable instrument that evaluates pain selfefficacy beliefs in people with pain conditions. It has not been validated and used in Ethiopia. Certain psychological factors are significant predictors of disability and recovery among people with LBP [6,7,8]. Previous research highlights that poor perception of personal control and low confidence in the ability to perform certain activities in spite of pain were predictors of poor treatment outcomes among people with chronic LBP [9,10,11]. An increase in self-efficacy beliefs during treatment of LBP is associated with better long-term outcomes, such as improved physical functioning and self-reported pain at 6 months [12]
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