Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Italian version of the craniofacial pain and disability inventory in patients with chronic temporomandibular joint disorders

Marco Monticone,Paola Abelli,Enrico Felice Gherlone,Deborah Luzzi,Marco Testa,Simona Tecco,Barbara Rocca,Tommaso Geri

doi:10.1186/s12903-019-0927-x

Abstract

BackgroundTo develop an Italian version of the Craniofacial Pain Disability Inventory (CFPDI-I) and investigate its psychometric abilities in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD).MethodsThe CFPDI was translated following international standards. The psychometric analyses included reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test/retest stability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC); construct validity was investigated by matching (a priori hypotheses) the CFPDI-I with the Italian Neck Disability Index (NDI-I), a pain intensity numerical rating scale (NRS), the Italian Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS-I), the Italian Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-I), and the Italian Migraine Disability Assessment Score Questionnaire (MIDAS) (Pearson’s correlation). Alpha was set at 0.05.ResultsTwo hundred and twelve patients with chronic TMD completed the tool. The questionnaire was internally consistent (α = 0.95) and its stability was good (ICCs = 0.91). As hypothesised, validity figures showed CFPDI-I strongly correlated with the NDI-I (r = 0.66, p < 0.05) and moderately correlated with the NRS (r = 0.48, p < 0.05), PCS (r = 0.37, p < 0.05), TSKI (r = 0.35, p < 0.05) and MIDAS (r = 0.47, p < 0.05). Similar estimates were shown by CFPDI-I subscales.ConclusionsThe cross-culturally adapted version of the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory (CFPDI-I) showed satisfactory psychometric properties that replicate those of the original version and, therefore, can be implemented in the clinical assessment of Italian people affected by TMD.

Highlights

To develop an Italian version of the Craniofacial Pain Disability Inventory (CFPDI-I) and investigate its psychometric abilities in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD)
Cross-cultural adaptation The cross-cultural adaption was conducted in accordance with the American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeon Outcomes Committee protocol [8], taking into account the rules shown in the ISPOR (International Society For Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes) task force report “Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures” [9]
Adaptation The Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory (CFPDI) was adapted into the Italian language by means of a process of forward/backward translation involving four professional translators

Summary

Introduction

To develop an Italian version of the Craniofacial Pain Disability Inventory (CFPDI-I) and investigate its psychometric abilities in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Appropriate assessment of physical and cognitive-behavioural factors is increasingly advocated in research studies and clinical practice, and self-reported outcome measures seem to be the most applicable [5]. For this purpose, in 2014 the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory (CFPDI, see Additional file 2 for Spanish version) was developed in patients with pain of the mandibular and craniofacial regions by means of item development and cognitive debriefing procedures. The CFPDI was adapted and validated in Brazilian and findings contributed to further exploring its reliability, construct and structural validity [7]

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