Crop rotations and crop residues are relevant parameters for agricultural carbon footprints

Abstract

Agriculture is the key for achieving the United Nations sustainable development goals: food security and climate action. To achieve these targets “climate-smart” agricultural practices need to be developed. Life cycle assessment and product carbon footprints are well established and internationally recognized tools to assist the process of improving environmental performance. However, there is room for methodological improvement of agricultural life cycle assessments and product carbon footprints. For agronomists, it is widely known that crop rotations and crop residues do fulfill important agronomic functions, but they are not adequately represented in current life cycle assessment and product carbon footprint modeling practice. New methods tested in this study allow the inclusion of crop rotation effects and crop residues as co-products, whilst keeping at the same time the product focus. Product carbon footprints are calculated with and without consideration of these effects; results are compared. If crop rotations are considered, wheat bread, cow milk, and rapeseed biodiesel have lower product carbon footprints (− 11, − 22, and − 16%, respectively). The product carbon footprint of straw bioethanol significantly increases (+ 80%) when considering straw as an agricultural co-product instead of as waste. Ignoring crop rotation effects underestimates the annual greenhouse gas savings of EU-28 rapeseed biodiesel by 1.67 million t CO2e and 20%, respectively. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that crop rotations and straw harvest should be considered for the product carbon footprints of bread, milk, and first- and second-generation biofuels. Since crop rotations and straw harvest are performed worldwide, the findings are relevant to all regions in the world. Comparing crop rotations and identifying climate-smart agricultural practices without losing the production orientation are key challenges for environmental assessments of agriculture in order to achieve the challenging combination of the food security and climate action sustainable development goals.