Abstract
Extreme flood events are predicted to have a negative impact on soil quality. Currently, there is a lack of information about the effect of agricultural practices on soil functioning and microbial processes under these events. We hypothesized that the impact of flooding on soil quality will be exacerbated when crop residues are present in the soil as they will induce more extreme anaerobicity. A spring extreme flood event (10 °C, 9 weeks) was simulated in mesocosms containing an arable sandy-loam soil low in nutrients. The main treatments were (1) with and without flooding and (2) with and without maize residue addition (8 Mg ha−1). We monitored changes in soil chemical quality indicators (e.g. pH, salinity, Fe3+, P, C, NH4+, NO3− and organic N), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O) and soil microbial community composition (PLFAs) during a prolonged flood period (9 weeks) and an 8-week “recovery” period after flooding. In comparison to the other treatments, flooding in the presence of crop residues resulted in a dramatic drop in soil redox potential. This was associated with the enhanced release of Fe and C into solution and an increase in CH4 emissions. In contrast, maize residues reduced potential nitrate losses and N2O emissions, possibly due to complete denitrification and microbial N immobilization. Both flooding and maize residues stimulated microbial growth and promoted a shift in microbial community composition. Following floodwater removal, most of the soil quality indicators returned to the levels of the control treatment within 5 weeks. After this short recovery phase, no major impact of flooding could be observed on plant growth (maize pot-grown). Overall, we conclude that both extreme flooding and management regime negatively impact upon a range of soil quality indicators (e.g. redox, GHG emissions); however, the soil showed high resilience and recovered quickly after floodwater removal. Further work is required to investigate the impact of repeated extreme flood events on soil quality and function over longer timescales.
Highlights
Controversial, there is increasing evidence to suggest that climate change is already causing an increased frequency of extreme flood events in some regions of the world (Pall et al 2011; Slater and Villarini 2016)
Changes in soil electrical conductivity (EC) in response to flooding proved highly dependent upon maize residue application, with significant effects seen within 4 weeks of flooding and persisting to the end of the soil recovery phase (p < 0.005)
EC decreased in the no-residue addition without flood (NR) + F treatment while it increased in the MR + F treatment (Fig. 1c)
Summary
There is increasing evidence to suggest that climate change is already causing an increased frequency of extreme flood events in some regions of the world (Pall et al 2011; Slater and Villarini 2016). As warming temperatures amplify the atmosphere’s water holding capacity, it is widely agreed that the occurrence of extreme precipitation and flooding events will increase (WMO 2013; Volosciuk et al 2016; Yuan et al 2017). This is likely to have a major impact on food security, ecosystem functioning and human health (Mirza 2011; Tong et al 2016). These extreme floods can result in floodwater remaining on the land
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