Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process whereby cytoplasmic constituents are degraded within lysosomes. Autophagy functions to eliminate unwanted or damaged materials such as proteins and organelles as their accumulation would be harmful to the cellular system. Autophagy also acts as a defense mechanism against invading pathogens and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. In physiological processes, autophagy is involved in the regulation of tissue development, differentiation and remodeling, which are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that autophagy is linked to various diseases and involved in pathophysiological roles, such as adaptation during starvation, anti-aging, antigen presentation, tumor suppression and cell death. The modulation of autophagy has shown greatest promise in Crohn’s disease as most of autophagy drugs involved in these diseases are currently under clinical trials and some has been approved by Food and Drug Administration. This review article discusses autophagy and potential drugs that are currently available for its modulation in Crohn’s disease.
Highlights
Crohn’s Disease (CD) is one type of chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which involves the inflammation of any part of the digestive system between the mouth and anus
Oxidized by main forms of autophagy, most will of studies referred as autophagy this process was described in cells(ATP), under stress condition as starvation or mitochondriaInitially, to produce adenosine triphosphate providing thesuch energy to the starved cells for accumulation of toxic components including proteins or damaged organelles
Another study showed that oral butyrate is safe and well tolerated for inducing an improvement in CD [111]
Summary
Crohn’s Disease (CD) is one type of chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which involves the inflammation of any part of the digestive system between the mouth and anus. It occurs most commonly at the colon, ileum or both [1]. Recent studies showed that Europe had a decreasing trend of IBD incidence while an increasing trend is showed by Asia for the last two decades [4,5]. There is a need of research to optimize medical therapies as highlighted by The Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America [8] as the process and cost of making new drug is lengthy, expensive and often associated with high failure rates.
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