Abstract
Yugoslavia (which included present-day Croatia) was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941 and immovable property was confiscated. After the war, Yugoslavia enacted a property restitution law, but it was short-lived. As Yugoslavia fell under Communist rule, widespread nationalization—which this time occurred irrespective of race, religion, or ethnicity—resulted in a second wave of property confiscations. It was not until the early 1990s that the post–Yugoslavian Republic of Croatia enacted its first set of denationalization legislation. Croatia’s main restitution laws, however, were not enacted until after the conclusion of the conflicts in the Balkans, which began in 1991 and ended in 1995. Croatia has since passed legislation relating to restitution of private and communal property, albeit with certain key limitations. Ambiguity in one of the main restitution laws left it unclear whether property confiscated during World War II was included. Croatia endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
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