Abstract
Phthalates are a huge class of chemicals with a wide spectrum of industrial uses, from the manufacture of plastics to food contact applications, children’s toys, and medical devices. People and animals can be exposed through different routes (i.e., ingestion, inhalation, dermal, or iatrogenic exposure), as these compounds can be easily released from plastics to water, food, soil, air, making them ubiquitous environmental contaminants. In the last decades, phthalates and their metabolites have proven to be of concern, particularly in products for pregnant women or children. Moreover, many authors reported high concentrations of phthalates in soft drinks, mineral waters, wine, oil, ready-to-eat meals, and other products, as a possible consequence of their accumulation along the food production chain and their accidental release from packaging materials. However, due to their different physical and chemical properties, phthalates do not have the same human and environmental impacts and their association to several human diseases is still under debate. In this review we provide an overview of phthalate toxicity, pointing out the health and legal issues related to their occurrence in several types of food and beverage.
Highlights
The continuous exposure to different types of chemicals present in the environment and to which humans are exposed during their daily activities may adversely affect human health, and represents a global issue
The results showed that PAEs correlated with hyperglycemia—a risk factor for early phase non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) according to [113]—in all the examined groups of both genders, namely patients affected by obesity or type-2 diabetes mellitus, and even non-obese non-diabetic volunteers
PAEs are ubiquitous compounds and food contaminants that became of great concern a few decades ago, when they started to be regarded as a global threat for human health
Summary
The continuous exposure to different types of chemicals present in the environment and to which humans are exposed during their daily activities may adversely affect human health, and represents a global issue. Phthalates (PAEs) are esters of phthalic acid widely spread in many industrial applications, being the main plasticizers used in the polymer industry since the 1930s. Addition to PAEs their release into thevia environment during nasal, and transdermal [2] In addition to their release into the environment during the productive productive up to the elimination route of plastic-based products, these compounds can up to the elimination of plastic-based products, these compounds can migrate into food migrate into food and route beverage from various food contact materials during processing, storing, and beverage and frompreparation. The food chain, and by taking into account their impact and adverse health effects
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