Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is an effective and selective antiviral drug, and the study of its toxicology and the use of appropriate detection techniques to control its toxicity at safe levels are extremely important for medicine efforts and human health. This review discusses the mechanism driving ACV’s ability to inhibit viral coding, starting from its development and pharmacology. A comprehensive summary of the existing preparation methods and synthetic materials, such as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide, guanine and its derivatives, and other purine derivatives, is presented to elucidate the preparation of ACV in detail. In addition, it presents valuable analytical procedures for the toxicological studies of ACV, which are essential for human use and dosing. Analytical methods, including spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), electrochemical sensors, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI-CL) are also highlighted. A brief description of the characteristics of each of these methods is also presented. Finally, insight is provided for the development of ACV to drive further innovation of ACV in pharmaceutical applications. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the past life and future challenges of ACV.
Highlights
IntroductionAs an antiviral drug of guanine nucleoside analogues, ACV is one of the most commonly used antiviral drugs all around the world
The antiviral efficacy of the derived Pd (II) complex was assayed against herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 strains and outperformed the antiviral activity against HSV-1 of ACV [28]
ACV is prepared in various dosage forms to serve different clinical needs, which can reduce the frequency of administration, increase bioavailability, maintain effective blood concentration, and prolong the duration of the drug effect
Summary
As an antiviral drug of guanine nucleoside analogues, ACV is one of the most commonly used antiviral drugs all around the world It is considered the beginning of a new era of antiviral therapy, due to its high selectivity and low cytotoxicity [1]. It is used to treat herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EB) effectively, with little effect on normal cells [2,3]. Low cost and high yield synthesis processes are essential for the development of ACV With this extensive clinical application, it was found that ACV effectively treats herpes, but with some adverse effects, such as causing acute renal impairment.
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