Abstract
BackgroundTaiwan is geographically located in a region that spans both tropical and subtropical climates (22–25°N and 120–122°E). The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control have found that the ecological habitat of Aedes aegypti appears only south of 23.5°N. Low temperatures may contribute to this particular habitat distribution of Ae. aegypti under the influence of the East Asian winter monsoon. However, the threshold condition related to critically low temperatures remains unclear because of the lack of large-scale spatial studies. This topic warrants further study, particularly through national entomological surveillance and satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) data.MethodsWe hypothesized that the distribution of Ae. aegypti is highly correlated with the threshold nighttime LST and that a critical low LST limits the survival of Ae. aegypti. A mosquito dataset collected from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control was utilized in conjunction with image data obtained from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) during 2009–2011. Spatial interpolation and phi coefficient methods were used to analyze the correlation between the distributions of immature forms of Ae. aegypti and threshold LST, which was predicted from MODIS calculations for 348 townships in Taiwan.ResultsAccording to the evaluation of the correlation between estimated nighttime temperatures and the occurrence of Ae. aegypti, winter had the highest peak phi coefficient, and the corresponding estimated threshold temperatures ranged from 13.7 to 14 °C in the ordinary kriging model, which was the optimal interpolation model in terms of the root mean square error. The mean threshold temperature was determined to be 13.8 °C, which is a critical temperature to limit the occurrence of Ae. aegypti.ConclusionsAn LST of 13.8 °C was found to be the critical temperature for Ae. aegypti larvae, which results in the near disappearance of Ae. aegypti during winter in the subtropical regions of Taiwan under the influence of the prevailing East Asian winter monsoon.
Highlights
Taiwan is geographically located in a region that spans both tropical and subtropical climates (22–25° N and 120–122°E)
The goal of the current study was to estimate the critical low temperature of Ae. aegypti by using data obtained from a three-year Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) project conducted for national entomological surveillance and using nighttime land surface temperatures (LSTs) obtained from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations throughout the main island of Taiwan
The ordinary kriging (OK) model, which had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) values among the four interpolation models in all four seasons, was determined to be an optimal model for processing the nighttime LST data
Summary
Taiwan is geographically located in a region that spans both tropical and subtropical climates (22–25° N and 120–122°E). The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control have found that the ecological habitat of Aedes aegypti appears only south of 23.5°N. Low temperatures may contribute to this particular habitat distribution of Ae. aegypti under the influence of the East Asian winter monsoon. The core distributional areas of Ae. aegypti, where the mosquito and its associated pathogens present a major threat to human health, include regions of South Asia ( India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh), regions of East Asia ( Southern China and Taiwan), Southeast Asia, Northeastern Australia, islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean, the subtropical and tropical parts of Africa, the Caribbean islands, and large parts of the Americas with cool range margins to the North and South [18]. In Taiwan, we consider temperature to be a prominent and significant meteorological factor affecting ecological distributions of Ae. aegypti
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