Abstract
ABSTRACT Establishing sufficiency ranges and critical levels of nutrients are important for a correct evaluation of plant nutrition through leaf diagnosis. This study aimed to propose critical levels and sufficiency ranges of macro and micronutrients based on leaf diagnosis of soybean plants. The database used was generated from 86 samples of the third trifoliate leaf without petiole, collected during the flowering stage from soybean plants of the main cultivars used in the states of Piaui and Maranhao, Northeast region of Brazil. The results of macro and micronutrients and grain yield were used to calculate the critical level by the reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods, the latter was also used to generate the sufficiency ranges. Nutrient levels for 90 % maximum grain yield were considered for the critical level by the reduced normal distribution, and nutrient levels at the upper line of a dispersion diagram were considered for the boundary line method, using the relation between grain yield and nutrient concentration to generate sufficiency ranges for 95 and 99 % maximum grain yields. The critical levels generated by the boundary line method presented a larger number of deficient samples than the reduced normal distribution method, except for boron. The sufficiency ranges generated by the boundary line with 95 % of the maximum grain yield could not diagnose nutrient deficiency, except for copper. The critical levels by the reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods for leaf diagnosis of soybean were 40.2 and 42.1 g kg-1, 3.2 and 3.4 g kg-1, 17.6 and 19.5 g kg-1, 8.7 and 10.3 g kg-1, 4.7 and 4.9 g kg-1, 2.1 and 2.4 g kg-1, 44 and 44 mg kg-1, 5 and 12 mg kg-1, 125 and 145 mg kg-1, 33 and 34 mg kg-1, and 48 and 63 mg kg-1 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, respectively. The critical levels by boundary line showed better distribution for leaf diagnosis for excess, deficiency, and adequate nutrient levels. The sufficiency ranges by the boundary line method for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were 38.6-45.7 g kg-1, 3.1-3.7 g kg-1, 18.3-20.7 g kg-1, 9.4-11.3 g kg-1, 4.4-5.3 g kg-1, 2.1-2.7 g kg-1, 35-53 mg kg-1, 10-14 mg kg-1, 131-159 mg kg-1, 23-46 mg kg-1, and 58-68 mg kg-1, respectively. The reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods allowed the generation of critical levels and sufficiency ranges for leaf diagnosis of soybean. The sufficiency range generated by the boundary line with 95 % maximum grain yield showed no prevalence of diagnosis of nutrient deficiency, except for copper.
Highlights
Soybean crops have significant participation in Brazilian farming, with potential for further expansion in agricultural frontier areas such as those in the Cerrado biome, especially in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, Northeast region of Brazil (Hirakuri et al, 2018).Agricultural frontier areas are usually subjected to intensive application of fertilizers to correct the chemical limitations of the soil and replace nutrients to maintain acceptable productivity levels (Horvat et al, 2015)
The reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods allowed the generation of critical levels and sufficiency ranges for leaf diagnosis of soybean
The sufficiency range generated by the boundary line with 95 % maximum grain yield showed no prevalence of diagnosis of nutrient deficiency, except for copper
Summary
Soybean crops have significant participation in Brazilian farming, with potential for further expansion in agricultural frontier areas such as those in the Cerrado biome, especially in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, Northeast region of Brazil (Hirakuri et al, 2018).Agricultural frontier areas are usually subjected to intensive application of fertilizers to correct the chemical limitations of the soil and replace nutrients to maintain acceptable productivity levels (Horvat et al, 2015). Soybean farmers in the Northeast region of Brazil use different crop nutrition techniques, such as traditional soil fertilizers, leaf nutrients, and slow-release fertilizer formulation applications, with monitoring of nutritional status by tissue analysis or leaf diagnosis. In some situations, the critical levels or sufficiency ranges of nutrients used were determined for other regions with different edaphoclimatic conditions and soybean varieties (Embrapa Soja, 2013; Kurihara et al, 2013). The generation of classes for interpretation of regional nutrient sufficiency is more reliable, with less variability due to soil and climate conditions and plant productive potential, as long as this is supported by a sufficiently large volume of data (Camacho et al, 2012)
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