Critical care nurses' experiences of physical restraint in intensive care units: A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis.

Abstract

Physical restraint is widely used in intensive care units. Critical care nurses are the primary decision makers and practitioners of physical restraint. However, little is known about the qualitative evidence of their experience of physical restraint. To aggregate, synthesise and interpret the qualitative evidence of studies that explored critical care nurses' experiences of physical restraint in intensive care units. A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis was conducted following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and reported following the ENTREQ statement. Qualitative studies published in the English and Chinese were systematically searched in eight databases. PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database from inception to November 2021. Two reviewers independently assessed the study eligibility and performed the data extraction and the quality appraisal. A meta-aggregative approach was used to synthesise findings. The review protocol was registered prospectively with PROSPERO (CRD42021278671). Thirteen studies were included. A total of 48 intact and definite codes were extracted and classified into ten sub-categories. Four themes were finally identified: intention, alternatives, determinants, and reflection. The intention of critical care nurses to use physical restraint is primarily driven by patient safety. Nurses will consider alternatives; however, many determinants urge nurses to implement physical restraint. Nurses prefer to sacrifice patients' comfort to ensure their safety. When nurses reflect on what they have done, some experience moral distress, but most rationalise their decision making. Further studies should explore the safety of alternatives, reduce the use of physical restraint, and pay more attention to nurses' moral distress through these insights. Developing alternatives, providing relevant training for nurses, physicians, patients, and families to facilitate a restraint-free culture, and developing high-quality guidelines and regulations are essential strategies to reduce the use of physical restraint in ICUs.