Critical assessment on operating water droplet sizes for fire sprinkler and water mist systems

Abstract

With recent developments in the design and manufacturing process of water-based fire suppression systems, more advanced technologies such as water mist systems have expanded in their building application. In this article, the critical fire suppression mechanisms of water mist systems and conventional fire sprinklers are investigated and compared, with emphasis on the influence of water droplet sizes on the fire suppression mechanisms. Applying computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a fully ventilated fire compartment room has been considered where a methane pool fire was placed at the centre. The considered fire suppression systems were placed directly upon the fire. Thermocouple and gas probes were applied in the computational domain to identify different stages of the fire suppression process, as well as to evaluate the suppression performance. The velocity field was analyzed to examine the penetration effect of suppression systems. Relative humidity and oxygen concentration data obtained by gas analyzers were also studied to further understand the droplet/fire interaction behavior. It was found that latent cooling, volumetric displacement, and dilution of oxygen and fuel were the main suppression mechanisms for water mist systems, as smaller droplets evaporate more efficiently compared to larger ones. On the other hand, for sprinklers, heat extraction by water droplets from the fire was found to be the main suppression mechanism, and the evaporation effect is not as significant as in water mist systems. According to in-depth parametric studies of water droplet sizes, recommendations for the optimal running conditions have been provided for both systems.