Criterion A vs. Non-Criterion A Stressors: Relations to Parenting Perceptions, Support, Satisfaction, and Involvement

Abstract

ABSTRACTExposure to Criterion A traumatic events and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) have been associated with increased risk for parenting difficulties. Significant life stressors not considered to be Criterion A events, such as emotional abuse and neglect, may also increase the risk for parenting difficulties. However, research has not simultaneously investigated Criterion A events and non-Criterion A stressors in relation to indices of parenting. The current study examined whether both Criterion A and non-Criterion A events were associated with more negative parenting perceptions and lower levels of parental satisfaction, support, and involvement. The study also determined whether Criterion A and non-sCriterion A events remained related to parenting outcomes after accounting for PTSS among 243 parents (Mage = 37.59; SD = 8.35; 61.6% female; 54.6% White). Non-Criterion A stressors were tied to more negative parenting-related perceptions of one’s partner and social relationships and lower levels of parental support (range βs = −.20 – .23). Even after controlling for PTSS, exposure to non-Criterion A stressors remained associated with more negative parenting-specific beliefs regarding one’s partner (β = −.17) and marginally to perceptions of relationships (β = −.13), yet were related to higher levels of parenting satisfaction and involvement (range βs = .18 – .21). Criterion A events were unrelated to parenting perceptions and behavior, irrespective of PTSS. Interestingly, non-Criterion A stressors may exhibit stronger ties to parenting difficulties than Criterion A events. Stressful life experiences, along with PTSS, may be important to address to improve parenting outcomes among stress-exposed parents.