Criteria for release of genetically-improved phytoseiids: an examination of the risks associated with release of biological control agents

Abstract

Biological control of agricultural pests by phytoseiid predators has been achieved through classical introductions, conservation of indigenous and established foreign species, and augmentation of both introduced and indigenous species. Laboratory selection of phytoseiids has produced several strains that have been mass reared and released for pest management programs in glasshouses and agricultural cropping systems. Concerns over risks of classical biological control have developed recently. The development of recombinant DNA (rDNA) techniques for the genetic manipulation of crops and microorganisms also has inaugurated a debate on the safety of releasing transgenic organisms into the environment. This debate will extend to the release of phytoseiids that have been manipulated with rDNA techniques. Risks associated with releasing phytoseiids for augmentation or classical biological control programs are minimal and the benefits are great. Research initiated to answer questions about the risks of releasing transgenic phytoseiids into the environment provides opportunities to expand our understanding of the ecological impact of phytoseiids in agricultural and natural environments and could lead to improved pest management tactics.