Abstract
Cancer is caused by a series of alterations in genome and epigenome mostly resulting in activation of oncogenes or inactivation of cancer suppressor genes. Genetic engineering has become pivotal in the treatment of cancer and other genetic diseases, especially the formerly-niche use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated with Cas9. In defining its superior use, we have followed the recent advances that have been made in producing CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapy of choice. We also provide important genetic mutations where CRISPRs can be repurposed to create adaptive immunity to fight carcinomas and edit genetic mutations causing it. Meanwhile, challenges to CRISPR technology are also discussed with emphasis on ability of pathogens to evolve against CRISPRs. We follow the recent developments on the function of CRISPRs with different carriers which can efficiently deliver it to target cells; furthermore, analogous technologies are also discussed along CRISPRs, including zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Moreover, progress in clinical applications of CRISPR therapeutics is reviewed; in effect, patients can have lower morbidity and/or mortality from the therapeutic method with least possible side-effects.
Highlights
In recent years, available therapies for cancers have been evolving to the betterment of prognosis in patients
The next generation sequencing technologies (NGS) provides the identification of specific mutations relevant to cancers and other genetic diseases at genomic level that can be edited by genome editing technologies the zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or the combination of them
The modifiable ability of genome editing nucleases to make specific double stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) which are primarily repaired by naturally present nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway that is prone to frame-shift mutations resulting in gene disruption [25, 26]
Summary
Available therapies for cancers have been evolving to the betterment of prognosis in patients. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology has presently been shown to correct the mutations causing those diseases and has a potential to be developed as a promising therapy at genetic level to protect patients at risk. The NGS provides the identification of specific mutations relevant to cancers and other genetic diseases at genomic level that can be edited by genome editing technologies the ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPRs or the combination of them.
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