CRISPR-engineered microalgae: a promising approach for the production of therapeutic proteins

Abstract

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has emerged as a transformative tool in biotechnology, providing precision in DNA modification through guide RNA (gRNA)-directed Cas9 nuclease. It surpasses previous genome editing techniques due to its simplicity in gRNA design and the ability to target multiple genes concurrently. This review explores the profound impact of CRISPR on research and clinical applications, particularly in the field of therapeutic protein production. Currently, therapeutic protein production relies on complex mammalian cell culture systems, burdened by limitations and contamination risks. In this context, microalgae provide a promising alternative. These unicellular organisms possess exceptional growth rates, enabling rapid and high-volume production of valuable products while thriving in diverse aquatic environments. They utilize renewable resources like sunlight and carbon dioxide, aligning with eco-friendly production principles. Microalgae's capacity to yield substantial quantities of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates makes them an economically attractive and ecologically responsible platform for various industries. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements and challenges in CRISPR-engineered microalgae for therapeutic protein production. It discusses the advantages and drawbacks of various microalgal species, CRISPR tools, and delivery methods, as well as protein expression. Furthermore, it highlights the potential applications and advantages of microalgal biopharmaceuticals and offers insights into future directions to enhance the efficiency, safety, and scalability of CRISPR-based microalgal biotechnology.