CRISPR/Cas9, a decade of genome editing tools to fix the DNA

Abstract

This year marks the 10th anniversary of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing discovery. Since its discovery in 2012, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has become an indispensable tool in many research fields. This system has been extensively characterized and further optimized to broaden its editing capabilities. Depending on the DNA modification to make, there are now available several editing agents. In this review, we provide an overview of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and how it can be used to fix the DNA using the traditional repair mechanisms non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR), and the most recent gene editing approaches – base editing and prime editing.