Abstract
La hipertensión arterial (HTA) secundaria constituye el 5–10% de todos los casos de HTA, aunque su verdadera prevalencia aún no está del todo definida. Las causas más frecuentes de HTA secundaria son las de origen renal, que constituyen, dependiendo de las series, entre el 5 y el 15% de los casos. Éstas, a su vez, se dividen en parenquimatosas, vasculares y, con menor frecuencia, las secundarias a patología obstructiva renal. Existen pocos casos en la literatura médica de crisis hipertensiva secundaria a fracaso renal agudo obstructivo (FRAO). Desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico, aunque son muy escasas las referencias publicadas, nos encontramos probablemente ante un caso de HTA sensible a cambios de volumen, donde un aumento relativo de la volemia ocasionado por las obstrucción urinaria puede contribuir al aumento de las cifras de presión arterial (PA). Tambien existen algunos casos descritos en los que tras una obstrucción unilateral o bilateral de ambos uréteres o de uretra puede aparecer HTA por activación de la renina e inhibición de calicreína. A continuación presentamos el caso de un varón de 64 años con antecedentes de HTA de 4–5 años de evolución, en monoterapia, con cifras controladas de PA, que acude al servicio de urgencias por anuria de 24 h de evolución con crisis hipertensiva y FRAO. Las imágenes radiológicas no mostraban cálculos ni dilatación de la vía urinaria, pero los hallazgos clínicos eran sugerentes de FRAO, por lo que decidimos realizar derivación urinaria, extrayéndose un cálculo que llevó al paciente a iniciar diuresis a ritmo poliúrico, controlándose las cifras de PA y recuperándose del FRAO. Secondary hypertension accounts for 5–10% of all the cases of hypertension although its true prevalence has still not been fully defined. The kidney is most frequent cause of secondary hypertension, depending on the series, it being involved in about 5–15% of the cases. These causes are, in turn, divided into parenchymal, vascular and less often secondary to obstructive renal disease. There are few cases in the literature regarding hypertensive crisis in connection with acute urinary obstruction and acute renal failure (ARF). Although very few references have been published, from a physiological point of view, we are probably dealing with a case of hypertension sensitive to volume changes, in which a relative increase in volume caused by urinary obstruction may contribute to an increase in blood pressure (BP) values in hypertensive patients. Some cases have also been described in which, after a unilateral or bilateral obstruction of both ureters and urethra, hypertension may occur due to activation and inhibition of renin kallikrein. We present the case of a 64-year old man with a background of 4–5 years of hypertension with controlled BP who came to the Emergency Department due to a 24-h long anuria with hypertensive crisis and ARF. The radiographic images showed no presence, dilatation of the urinary tract, however the clinical findings were suggestive of obstructive ARF. Thus, we decided to perform a urinary diversion, and extracted a calculus after which the patient began with diuresis having a polyuric rhythm, control of the BP values and recovery from the ARF.
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