Abstract
There are many currents composing the field of criminological analyses that influence – whether directly or indirectly – criminal policy and the workings of criminal justice. The aim of this work is to critically analyze the emergence, principles, and practices linked to Liberal Criminology, also known as the Classical or pre-scientific School of Criminology. A theoretical study, it is based on bibliographical research into the subject in different electronic databases and physical archives in Brazil and Italy. Guided by the concept of the humanization of punishment, the aforementioned criminological school was founded on two of the field of law’s theoretical pillars: Jusnaturalism and Contractualism, favoring the idea of natural rights and a social contract. In light of these positions, the human being is considered to be free and self-determined, and therefore with a full ability to select between good and evil. In this sense, Liberal Criminology understands a criminal act as one exclusively related to the free will that we all supposedly possess, overlooking the multiplicity of (macro and micropolitical) factors related to the subject of crime. Re-examining the history of this model of criminological thought and problematizing is relevant as its influence on the criminal sphere is still significant today, meaning it impacts on an understanding of the phenomenon of crime and the taking of legal decisions.
Highlights
many currents composing the field of criminological analyses that influence
practices linked to Liberal Criminology
it is based on bibliographical research into the subject
Summary
Beccaria e seus seguidores eram convictos da necessidade não só de “humanização” das penas, mas apostavam teoricamente no ordenamento jurídico como um dispositivo necessário, fruto do consenso entre os homens e capaz de garantir a harmonia da vida em sociedade, desde que bem formulado e rigidamente aplicado. 31), em uma análise histórico-crítica sobre as diferentes escolas criminológicas, refere-se à escola liberal clássica e sua compreensão do ato delinquente com a seguinte assertiva: Como comportamento, o delito surgia da livre vontade do indivíduo, não de causas patológicas, e por isso, do ponto de vista da liberdade e da responsabilidade moral pelas próprias ações, o delinquente não era diferente, segundo a Escola Clássica, do indivíduo normal.
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