Abstract

Part 1 The emergence of a modern penal system (1895-1927): the prison reform movement in the late Qing (1895-1911) the model prisons during the warlord era (1911-27). Part 2 Science, crime and punishment under the Guomindang (1927-49): the science of punishment (1927-49) the science of crime (1927-49) prison reform in the Nanjing decade (1927-37) the prison system during the war (1937-49). Part 3 The penal system under the communists (1931-99): prisons in the red areas (1931-49) the emergence of the Laogai (1949-57) epilogue - crime and punishment in the PRC (1957-99).

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