Créer de la richesse à l’ère glaciaire : perles en ivoire de l’Aurignacien français

Abstract

The foundations of more pronounced forms of material inequality that developed in later societies lie in the material wealth generated by earlier societies, like the hunter-gatherers of the Upper Palaeolithic, and the structures for wealth transmission and circulation that they developed. Additionally, the extent to which we recognize wealth in the archaeological record depends on our definitions and understandings of wealth. Using the ivory beads of the Early Aurignacian in southwestern France as an example, I argue that bead-production was a strategy for generating material wealth that served as a commodity in the networks of relational wealth that were essential to survival. Drawing on the classes of wealth defined by Bowles et al. (2010), I present a model for understanding the conditions that drove bead-production in terms of material and relational wealth. Based on Spielmann’s (2002) framework for ritual production in small-scale societies, I argue that an emphasis on acquisition and display (in forms such as hoards/caches, burials, and monuments) presents only a partial picture of how wealth may have functioned in Ice-Age societies. Finally, turning to the broader contexts of Aurignacian ivory beads, I evaluate the evidence for social complexity in the Early Aurignacian of southwestern France based on the currently documented archaeological evidence. I argue that wealth was central to the success of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, that this wealth must be evaluated in terms appropriate to small-scale mobile societies, and that understanding the nature and function of wealth in these contexts is critical to tracing the formation of more pronounced forms of wealth and inequality in later contexts.