Abstract

Abstract Indentured immigration from India to the Caribbean began after abolition. In the French context, it is estimated that a total of 74,386 people undertook the transoceanic journey. These indentured labourers became known as ‘coolies’, although the term itself is inherently transnational, projective and ambiguous, and carries (to this day) considerable pejorative nuances. Significant differences exist between Anglophone and Francophone Caribbean perceptions of coolies. Whereas in the Anglophone world, authors such as V. S. Naipaul have raised the visibility of coolies, in Francophone Caribbean literature, coolie authors, and indeed coolie protagonists, have occupied an ambiguous, subaltern position. Drawing on Giorgio Agamben’s understanding of the relationship between biopolitics, violence and power, and in particular his concepts of ‘homo sacer’, ‘bare life’ and the ‘state of exception’, this article examines the narrative strategies adopted by Raphaël Confiant and Maurice Virassamy in their contrasting accounts of the coolie experience. The neglected position of the coolie in the complex French Caribbean ethnoclass hierarchy is explored through a biopolitical reading, reassessing questions of marginalization and exclusion to ask to what extent the coolie may be considered ‘creolized’? L’immigration des engagés de l’Inde aux Antilles a commencé suite à l’abolition de l’esclavage. Dans le contexte français, on estime que 74 386 personnes ont entrepris le voyage transatlantique. Ces engagés furent désignés sous le nom de ‘coolies’, bien que le terme soit transnational, projectif et ambigu, et qu’il transmette, jusqu’à aujourd’hui, des nuances péjoratives. De grandes différences existent entre les perceptions anglophones et francophones des coolies. Dans le monde anglophone, des auteurs tels V. S. Naipaul ont mis en lumière la présence des coolies, tandis que dans la littérature francophone antillaise, les auteurs coolies, voire les personnages coolies, continuent d’occuper une position ambiguë et subalterne. En se référant aux idées de Giorgio Agamben sur la ‘relation entre la biopolitique, la violence et le pouvoir, et surtout à ses concepts d’homo sacer, de ‘la vie nue’ et de ‘l’état d’exception’, cet article traite de la signification des stratégies narratives adoptées par Raphaël Confiant et Maurice Virassamy dans leurs textes sur l’expérience dite ‘coolie’. La position du coolie dans la hiérarchie complexe des ethnoclasses aux Antilles francophones sera analysée à partir d’une lecture biopolitique, qui conduira à une reconsidération de la marginalisation et de l’exclusion du coolie, pour tenter de comprendre enfin dans quelle mesure nous pouvons considérer le coolie comme étant ‘créolisé’.

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