Creep behavior of pultruded GFRP elements – Part 2: Analytical study

Abstract

This paper presents an analytical study about the viscoelastic time-dependent (creep) behavior of pultruded GFRP elements made of polyester and E-glass fibers. Experimental results reported in Part 1 are firstly used for material characterization by means of empirical and phenomenological formulations – a good general agreement is obtained using the following analytical models: (i) Findley’s power law, (ii) Bruger–Kelvin model and (iii) Prony–Dirichlet series. Based on accelerated characterization methodology – Time-Stress Superposition Principle (TSSP) coupled with Findley’s law, for a reference stress of 20% of the material ultimate stress, an elastic deformation increase of 30% is obtained after 50,000 h. The creep parameters and deformation estimated by using the Findley’s model derivations indicate a consistent prediction of time-dependent deformation and viscoelastic properties of the two types of elements analysed – laminates and beam. A straightforward formulation to predict the time-dependent elastic modulus is applied, showing that the flexural stiffness should be reduced by 25% of its initial value after 1-year and as much as 50% after 50-years. Similarly, the power law coupled to Euler’s classical beam theory suggests a reasonable adaptability to the creep phenomenon in the linear regime and proved to provide accurate predictions for deflections under flexural loading up to 40% of the ultimate strength. After 50 years, under normal service load level (1/3 of the failure load), the total creep deflection will attain almost twice the initial deflection. If taking into account the shear deformation (Timoshenko’s postulated) of the full-size element with “effective” stiffness properties such estimate is reduced nearly 25%.