Creep and Long-Term Permeability of a Red Sandstone Subjected to Cyclic Loading After Thermal Treatments

Abstract

Long-term experiments were performed on red sandstones after different thermal treatments (25, 300, 700 and 1000 °C) under multi-step loading and unloading cycles and a confining pressure of 25 MPa. Furthermore, to quantitatively analyse the temperature influence on the deformation behaviours of the specimens, the concept of the temperature–strain rate was proposed to describe the relationship between strain and temperature, and the experimental results were corrected to identical temperatures (i.e., 20 °C), to overcome the influence of periodic fluctuations in ambient temperature. The results show that the axial mean temperature–strain rate first increased as temperature increased from 25 to 300 °C and then decreased with increasing temperature, whereas the lateral mean temperature–strain rate decreased with increasing temperature. The total strain was divided into the instantaneous elastic strain, the instantaneous plastic strain, the visco-elastic strain and the visco-plastic strain. The total axial strain increased with increasing deviatoric stress, and the irrecoverable strain increased with increasing loading and unloading history. Furthermore, the total axial strain increased with increasing temperature; specifically, at 1000 °C, it was approximately two times that at 700 °C and three times those at 25 and 300 °C. The instantaneous elastic strain and the instantaneous plastic strain increased approximately linearly with increasing deviatoric stress, whereas the creep strain varied with deviatoric stress in complicated ways at different temperatures. However, under identical deviatoric stress, the instantaneous elastic strain and the instantaneous plastic strain increased slightly as temperature increased from 25 to 700 °C and then increased substantially as temperature reached 1000 °C, whereas the variations in the creep strain, the visco-elastic strain and the visco-plastic strain were dependent on temperature and stress level. Finally, the permeability first decreased slightly as temperature increased from 25 to 300 °C and then increased with increasing temperature.