Abstract
Drawing on Polish post-war experience, this paper explores the relationship between creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship in an emerging economy that does not fare well in business-friendliness, innovativeness and competitiveness rankings. It conceptualises creativity and innovation in a variety of contexts and examines their implications from a multilevel perspective. The study argues that the pre-1989 political system had a double-edged impact on creativity. On the one hand, by fostering uniformity, the regime inhibited it. On the other, due to the shortages of goods, it unleashed Poles' extraordinary creativity, understood here as the capacity to act creatively and innovatively in the face of adverse circumstances. This equipped the Polish with an ability particularly useful in today's demanding, globalisation-driven reality. Critically, we show how a hostile business environment coupled with a backward-looking education system affects innovation and entrepreneurship. Building on these insights, the paper concludes with a number of policy recommendations.
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