Creation of Three‐Dimensional Pedagogical Models of Genetic Mutations

Abstract

A genetic mutation is a change of one or more bases in the DNA sequence that may alter the structure and ability of the resulting protein product to function properly. In this study, we created three‐dimensional (3D) pedagogical models for teaching genetic mutations. SolidWorks©, 3D modeling software was used to create the models showing the three main types of DNA mutations: (i) point mutation, (ii) frameshift mutation, and (iii) insertion mutation. The models were 3D printed using a selective laser sintering (SLS) machine. Further, the printed models are strong enough to absorb physical mishandling by the users such as accidental drops. User instructions accompanying the models were developed.The models were created to allow the individual nucleotide bases adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and uracil (U) to be attached or removed from the DNA and mRNA backbone and moved around easily by using magnets embedded into the individual pieces. Other ease of use features include color coding and labeling emphasize the difference between the four nucleotides in DNA. Further, as an example of real‐life mutations, we also created a unique model explaining the formation of cyclobutane thymine‐thymine (T‐T) dimers following exposure of DNA to ultraviolet B (UV‐B) radiations. UV‐B radiation in the region of 290‐320 nm is absorbed by skin cells resulting in DNA damage and mutated DNA which can lead to skin cancer. The 3D model showing cyclobutane dimers should help the students gain a deeper understanding of DNA damage, and skin cancer at the biochemical level. Ultraviolet light can break bonds in adjacent thymine bases. New covalent bonds are formed, linking the two thymine bases, forming cyclobutane T‐T dimers. We believe that models will enhance in‐depth hands‐on learning of the genetic mutations.