Creation of excitations from a uniform impurity motion in the condensate

Abstract

We investigate a phenomenon of creation of excitations in the homogeneous Bose–Einstein condensate due to an impurity moving with a constant velocity. A simple model is considered to take into account dynamical effects due to motions of the impurity. Based on this model, we show that there can be a finite amount of excitations created even if velocity of the impurity is below Landau’s critical velocity. We also show that the total number of excitations scales differently for large time across the speed of sound. Thus, our result dictates the critical behavior across Landau’s one and validates Landau’s intuition to the problem. We discuss how Landau’s critical velocity emerges and its validity within our model.