Crawling with a vehicle: Rock-crawlers’ recreation specialization, motivation, and sources of challenges

Abstract

Rock crawling, an off-road vehicle (ORV) activity for which drivers use highly modified ORVs to climb over extreme terrain and rock obstacles, is an outdoor adventure activity. This thrill-seeking outdoor activity requires specialized skills and knowledge to overcome challenges and remain engaged. This study aims to investigate the relationship between rock crawlers' motivations and the sources of challenges, as well as variations in that relationship due to the different levels of specialization among rock crawlers. A total of 377 rock crawling participants completed the online survey, with 11% self-classifying as novice rock crawlers, 46% as intermediate rock crawlers, and 43% as advanced rock crawlers. Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), four motivation factors and seven sources of rock crawling challenges were identified. The results of canonical correlation analysis revealed positive associations between rock crawlers' motivations, including socialization, relaxation and freedom, self-expression, and sense of achievement, and the sources of challenges such as environmental uncertainty, activity difficulty, and competition in rock crawling. Furthermore, the results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated variations in rock crawlers’ motivations and sources of challenges across the three specialized groups. Management implicationsThe study aims to assist public land management agencies in integrating social science research into the decision-making process and sustainable management for off-roading on public land. To operate a sustainable rock crawling program, management should emphasize: (1) providing sufficient accommodations and access to fulfill socialization needs while ensuring safety; (2) organizing special events or competitions to enhance rock crawlers’ psychological well-being and life satisfaction; (3) executing targeted marketing campaigns to attract committed or advanced rock crawlers, thereby contributing to the local economy; and (4) advocating for clean energy consumption and regulating greenhouse gas emissions.