Craniofacial Morphology in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency and Turner Syndrome.

Dorota Wójcik,Iwona Beń-Skowronek

doi:10.3390/diagnostics10020088

Dorota Wójcik, Iwona Beń-Skowronek

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10020088

Copy DOI

Abstract

The review aims to collect and demonstrate recent knowledge about craniofacial morphology in growth hormone (GH)-deficient children and children with Turner syndrome. The review describes also the effects of growth hormone treatment on craniofacial morphology of children with growth hormone deficiency and Turner syndrome. Regardless of the disorder it accompanies, short stature is associated with similar craniofacial features characteristic of all short-statured children. Characteristic craniofacial features involve lesser dimensions of the cranial base and mandibular length, proportionately smaller posterior than anterior facial height, retrognathic face, and posterior rotation of the mandible. We also analyze orthodontic treatment in children affected by disorders associated with GH deficiency or provided with growth hormone treatment in the aspect of craniofacial growth. Recent publications show also the connection between growth hormone receptor polymorphism and craniofacial growth. Specialists and orthodontists treating short-statured children must be aware of the results of studies on craniofacial morphology and educate themselves on the topic of craniofacial growth in children with short stature. Moreover, knowledge of the influence of GH therapy on growth of craniofacial structures is necessary to decide the proper timing and planning of orthodontic treatment.

Highlights

Child-like craniofacial proportions have been observed in patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) for ages
Little is known about the mechanism of action of growth hormone (GH) on craniofacial components, it is believed that therapy with recombinant human growth hormone acts mainly on those craniofacial parts where epiphyseal ossification takes place and on the areas that adapt to this growth—mandibular rami in particular [2]
Funatsu et al attempted to investigate the influence of GH treatment on craniofacial morphology in children with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) depending on short-term vs

Summary

Introduction

Child-like craniofacial proportions have been observed in patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) for ages. IGF-I, which proliferation production of from cranial bones, this bone growththrough primarily occurs at stimulates the epiphyseal growthand plates It results the matrix by these cells. MSCs reach bone As surfaces far as from the old osteoblasts are concerned, they die by apoptosis or become embedded in bone matrix circulation through vascular channels associated with bone remodeling sites [4] Physiological influences directly they osteoblasts, as it stimulates proliferation as the olddoses osteoblasts are concerned, die by apoptosis or become cell embedded in bone and matrix as differentiation [5].Chondrocytes. With this mechanism, GH stimulates osteoblast andofactivity, and it osteocytes. Literature Review bones under GH influence and by remodeling of bones under IGF1 action

Craniofacial

Craniofacial Morphology in Children with IGHD

Effects of GH in Children with IGHD

Turner Syndrome

Conclusions