Abstract
The antibacterial effect of cranberry juice and the organic acids therein on infection by uropathogenic Escherichia coli was studied in an experimental mouse model of urinary tract infection (UTI). Reduced bacterial counts were found in the bladder (P < 0.01) of mice drinking fresh cranberry juice. Commercially available cranberry juice cocktail also significantly reduced (P < 0.01) bacterial populations in the bladder, as did the hydrophilic fraction of cranberry juice (P < 0.05). Quinic, malic, shikimic, and citric acid, the preponderant organic acids in cranberry juice, were tested in combination and individually. The four organic acids also decreased bacterial levels in the bladder when administered together (P < 0.001), and so did the combination of malic plus citric acid (P < 0.01) and malic plus quinic acid (P < 0.05). The other tested combinations of the organic acids, and the acids administered singly, did not have any effect in the UTI model. Apparently, the antibacterial effect of the organic acids from cranberry juice on UTI can be obtained by administering a combination of malic acid and either citric or quinic acid. This study show for the first time that cranberry juice reduce E. coli colonization of the bladder in an experimental mouse model of urinary tract infection and that the organic acids are active agents.
Highlights
Urinary tract infection (UTI), most frequently caused by Escherichia coli, is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans (Foxman, 2014)
We show that cranberry juice inhibits E. coli bladder colonization and that the organic acids are active agents
The most prevalent organic acids from cranberry juice, citric, malic, quinic, and shikimic acid were tested in concentrations corresponding to their respective concentration in fresh cranberry juice
Summary
Urinary tract infection (UTI), most frequently caused by Escherichia coli, is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans (Foxman, 2014). Up to 40–50% of women will suffer from UTI at least once during their lifetime (Foxman, 2003). This high prevalence and the worrying rise in antibiotic resistance among uropathogens emphasize the need for new approaches for treating and preventing UTIs. For many years, cranberry juice has been used as a remedy to prevent and cure UTIs (Jepson et al, 2012; Wang et al, 2012). Cranberry juice is known to inhibit cellular adherence of uropathogenic E. coli strains expressing P fimbriae in vitro (Ofek et al, 1991; Weiss et al, 1998). Cranberry proanthocyanidins trimers (MW 8–900), were found to abolish in vitro adherence of P-fimbriated E. coli to cellular structures containing
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