Crafting an optimal portfolio for sustainable hydrogen production choices in Morocco

Abstract

This research is driven by the imperative for a comprehensive evaluation of hydrogen production technologies in Morocco, in response to the country’s commitment to the Paris Climate Agreement and the need for sustainable energy solutions. Morocco possesses abundant renewable resources and relies on fossil fuel imports, making it essential to explore locally produced energy sources. The study addresses knowledge gaps by evaluating various hydrogen production technologies based on a range of criteria and sub-criteria specific to Morocco using the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analytic Hierarchy Process (MCDM-AHP). Technology feasibility, economic viability, environmental impact, and social acceptance are identified as crucial criteria, with efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, and community engagement being particularly critical. We identify that high-performing technologies, including T1 (Autothermal Reforming with Carbon Capture and Storage), stand out as highly effective and suitable for Moroccan hydrogen production. Moderate-performing technologies, such as T2 (photovoltaic), T3 (concentrated solar power), T6 (offshore floating photovoltaic), and T8 (hydrogen from hydro), show promise with room for improvement. Low-performing technologies, like T4 (onshore wind-driven), T5 (offshore wind-driven), T7 (hydrogen from marine energies), T9 (biomass gasification), T10 (geothermal-driven), and T11 (nuclear-driven), face challenges in meeting the criteria and may be less suitable for Moroccan hydrogen production. Stakeholder perspectives significantly influence technology performance and suitability, with the study underscoring the importance of renewable penetration scenarios, climate change adaptation, and regional suitability. The practical implications of this research include guiding decision-makers, enhancing energy independence, aligning with climate goals, and promoting efficient resource allocation. However, the study acknowledges limitations related to data accuracy, evolving technologies, and contextual factors. Future research directions could focus on long-term assessments, socio-economic and environmental trade-offs, and international collaboration in hydrogen technology transfer to contribute to a greener and more sustainable future.