Abstract
Mechanical damage in form of dents, cracks, gouges, and scratches are common in pipelines. Sometimes, these damages form in proximity of each other and act as one defect in the pipe wall. The combined defects have been found to be more injurious than individual defects. One of the combined defects in pipeline comprises of a crack in a dent, also known as dent-crack defect. This paper discusses the development of finite element models using extended finite element criterion (XFEM) in Abaqus to predict burst pressure of specimens of API X70 pipeline with restrained and unrestrained concentric dent-crack defects. The models are calibrated and validated using results of full-scale burst tests. The effects of crack length, crack depth, dent depth, and denting pressure on burst pressure are investigated. The results show that restrained dent-crack defects with shallow cracks (depth less than 50% wall thickness) inside dents do not affect pipeline operations at maximum allowable operating pressure if crack lengths are less than 200 mm. Releasing restrained dent-cracks when the pressure is at maximum allowable operating pressure can cause propagation of deep cracks (depth of 50% wall thickness or more) longer than 60 mm. However, only very long cracks (200 mm and higher) propagate to burst the pipe. Cracks of depth less than 20% of wall thickness inside dents formed at zero pressure are not propagated by the maximum allowable operating pressure. Dent-crack defects having dents of depth less than 2% outside diameter of pipe behave as plain cracks if the dents are formed at zero denting pressure but are more injurious than plain cracks if the dents are formed in pressurized pipes.
Highlights
Mechanical damage like cracks, scratches, and gouges often occur inside dents in pipelines.The combined defects are considered more injurious to pipeline integrity than plain defects [1,2,3,4,5,6].An example of combined defects found in pipelines is a crack inside a dent, known as a dent-crack defect [2,3,4]
Burst pressure of pipeline with restrained and unrestrained concentric dent-crack defects was investigated in this study, considering the effect of varying crack geometry, dent depth, and denting pressure
Specimens with unrestrained concentric dent-crack defects with dent depth of 2% outside diameter (OD) formed at zero denting pressure had the same burst pressure as plain cracked specimens, but dent-crack defects were more injurious than plain cracks with increasing dent depth and denting pressures
Summary
Mechanical damage like cracks, scratches, and gouges often occur inside dents in pipelines.The combined defects are considered more injurious to pipeline integrity than plain defects [1,2,3,4,5,6].An example of combined defects found in pipelines is a crack inside a dent, known as a dent-crack defect [2,3,4]. Mechanical damage like cracks, scratches, and gouges often occur inside dents in pipelines. The combined defects are considered more injurious to pipeline integrity than plain defects [1,2,3,4,5,6]. An example of combined defects found in pipelines is a crack inside a dent, known as a dent-crack defect [2,3,4]. Vilkys et al [7] showed that gouge depths greater than 50% of wall thickness cause stresses higher than yield strength of pipe material and cracks are likely to initiate at the tip of such gouges under normal operating pressure. The dent magnifies the maximum principal stresses developed in the gouge, increasing susceptibly to cracking. Ronny et al [8] showed that hoop stresses are
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