Abstract
Rain cracking severely affects the commercial production of many fleshy-fruit species, including of sweet cherries. The objectives were to investigate how the gaping macroscopic cracks (macrocracks) of a rain-cracked fruit can develop from microscopic cracks in the cuticle (microcracks). Incubating fruit in deionized water is well known to cause significant macrocracking. We found that after a lag phase of 2 h, the numbers and lengths of macrocracks increased. Macrocrack number approached an asymptote at 12 h, whereas macrocrack length continued to increase. The rate of macrocrack propagation (extension at the crack tip) was initially 10.8 mm h-1 but then decreased to a near-constant 0.5 mm h-1. Light microscopy revealed three characteristic zones along a developing macrocrack. In zone I (ahead of the crack), the cuticle was intact, the epidermal cells were unbroken and their cell walls were thin. In zone II, the cuticle was fractured, the first epidermal cells died and their cell walls began to thicken (swell). In zone III, most epidermal cells had died, their cell walls were swollen and cell:cell separation began along the middle lamellae. The thickness of the anticlinal epidermal cell walls and the percentage of intact living cells along a crack were closely and negatively related. Cracks were stained by calcofluor white, but there was no binding of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for hemicelluloses (LM11, LM21, LM25). Strong binding was obtained with the anti-homogalacturonan mAb (LM19), indicating the presence of unesterified homogalacturonans on the crack surface. We conclude that macrocrack propagation is related to cell death and to cell wall swelling. Cell wall swelling weakens the cell:cell adhesion between neighbouring epidermal cells, which separate along their middle lamellae. The skin macrocrack propagates like a ‘run’ in a fine, knitted fabric.
Highlights
When it rains near harvest, rain cracking can reduce both the yield and the quality of many species of fleshy fruit
Our results indicate 1) that macroscopic cracking of sweet cherry fruit resulted from increases in both macrocrack number and length, 2) that microcracking of the cuticle, the swelling of epidermal cell walls, the death of epidermal cells along a microcrack and the anticlinal separation of epidermal cells are all closely related, 3) that epidermal cells separated predominately along their anticlinal cell walls, and 4) that failure of cross linking in the middle lamella was responsible for the extension of a cuticular microcrack to a dermal macrocrack that extends deep into the flesh
This conclusion is consistent with earlier findings where cell wall swelling was greatest for a cell wall between two non-living cells and least when both bordering cells were healthy and fully turgid [41]
Summary
When it rains near harvest, rain cracking can reduce both the yield and the quality of many species of fleshy fruit. Grape and tomato are the most significant commercial crops affected–significant both because of the large scale of these industries and because of the extreme susceptibility of these species to damage [1,2,3,4]. Crack initiation and propagation in sweet cherry skin
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