Crack Detection in Railway Axle Using Horizontal and Vertical Vibration Measurements

Abstract

In this paper, numerical investigations are carried out to assess the possible use of vibration measurements to identify the presence of a fatigue crack in railway axles. A non-linear finite element model of a cracked axle, reproducing the crack breathing mechanism, is introduced. The solid model of the axle is built in the ABAQUS FEM software and a crack is introduced in it. Numerical simulations are presented for two different types of axle: hollow ones, as in passenger trains, and solid ones, as in freight trains. Simulation are carried out for different possible locations of the crack and different measuring points for the monitoring equipment. Results indicate that the presence of a crack in the shaft affects not only the vertical vibration signal, but also the horizontal (perpendicular to the axle axis) one, generating harmonic components of bending vibration at frequencies that are multiple integers of the frequency of revolution of the axle. Results revealed also that the horizontal vibration provides promising indicators of axle fault development because the effect of various sources of disturbance, namely wheel out-ofroundness, can be more easily dealt with.