Crack blunting and the strength of soft elastic solids

Abstract

Restricted accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Hui C.-Y., A. Jagota, Bennison S. J and Londono J. D. 2003Crack blunting and the strength of soft elastic solidsProc. R. Soc. Lond. A.4591489–1516http://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2002.1057SectionRestricted accessCrack blunting and the strength of soft elastic solids C.-Y. Hui C.-Y. Hui Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Jagota A. Jagota A. CR&D, The DuPont Company, Experimental Station E356/317A, Wilmington, DE 19880-0356, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , S. J Bennison S. J Bennison CR&D, The DuPont Company, Experimental Station E356/317A, Wilmington, DE 19880-0356, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and J. D. Londono J. D. Londono CR&D, The DuPont Company, Experimental Station E356/317A, Wilmington, DE 19880-0356, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author C.-Y. Hui C.-Y. Hui Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , Jagota A. Jagota A. CR&D, The DuPont Company, Experimental Station E356/317A, Wilmington, DE 19880-0356, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , S. J Bennison S. J Bennison CR&D, The DuPont Company, Experimental Station E356/317A, Wilmington, DE 19880-0356, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and J. D. Londono J. D. Londono CR&D, The DuPont Company, Experimental Station E356/317A, Wilmington, DE 19880-0356, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Published:08 June 2003https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2002.1057AbstractWhen a material is so soft that the cohesive strength (or adhesive strength, in the case of interfacial fracture) exceeds the elastic modulus of the material, we show that a crack will blunt instead of propagating. Large–deformation finite–element model (FEM) simulations of crack initiation, in which the debonding processes are quantified using a cohesive zone model, are used to support this hypothesis. An approximate analytic solution, which agrees well with the FEM simulation, gives additional insight into the blunting process. The consequence of this result on the strength of soft, rubbery materials is the main topic of this paper. We propose two mechanisms by which crack growth can occur in such blunted regions. We have also performed experiments on two different elastomers to demonstrate elastic blunting. In one system, we present some details on a void growth mechanism for ultimate failure, post–blunting. Finally, we demonstrate how crack blunting can shed light on some long–standing problems in the area of adhesion and fracture of elastomers. Previous ArticleNext Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited by Wang A and Müser M (2022) Is there more than one stickiness criterion?, Friction, 10.1007/s40544-022-0644-3, 11:6, (1027-1039), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2023. Spagnoli A, Brighenti R, Montanari M and Terzano M (2023) Crack‐tip blunting and its implications on fracture of soft materials, Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 10.1111/ffe.13951, 46:4, (1627-1637), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2023. Linke M and Lammering R (2023) On the calibration of the cohesive strength for cohesive zone models in finite element analyses, Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 10.1016/j.tafmec.2022.103733, 124, (103733), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2023. Jiang Y, Li D, Chen Y and Huo Y (2023) Analysis of stress and strain concentration around a centralized elliptical hole in a monodomain liquid crystal elastomer sheet, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2022.112079, 264, (112079), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2023. Liu Y, Feng X and Hong W (2023) Non-affine dissipation in polymer fracture, Extreme Mechanics Letters, 10.1016/j.eml.2023.101955, 59, (101955), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2023. Shabani P, Li L, Laliberte J, Qi G, Rapking D and Mollenhauer D (2023) High-fidelity simulation of low-velocity impact damage in fiber-reinforced composite laminates using integrated discrete and continuum damage models, Composite Structures, 10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.116910, (116910), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2023. Li T, Dufresne E, Kröger M and Heyden S (2023) Siloxane Molecules: Nonlinear Elastic Behavior and Fracture Characteristics, Macromolecules, 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02576, 56:4, (1303-1310), Online publication date: 28-Feb-2023. López-Barrón C and Vargas-Lara F (2023) Tack of Entangled Molecular Bottlebrushes, ACS Macro Letters, 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00710, (350-355) Fu H and Crosby A (2023) Determining the elasto-adhesion length by void collapse in ultra-soft materials, Soft Matter, 10.1039/D2SM01333A, 19:5, (932-937) Karatas Demircan C, Ozturan B and Gunel M (2023) Design and Analysis of Tapered Composite Flexbeam Laminates AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum, 10.2514/6.2023-2592, 978-1-62410-699-6, Online publication date: 23-Jan-2023. Riedl G, Wallner G, Pugstaller R, Säckl G and Dauskardt R (2022) Methodology for local ageing and damage development characterization of solar glass/encapsulant interfaces under superimposed fatigue stresses and environmental influences, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 10.1016/j.solmat.2022.112017, 248, (112017), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2022. Lei L, Yang D, Zheng J, Wu Z, Xiao H and Zhou Z (2022) Bioinspired inverse enamel-like columnar composites reproducing the mechanical properties and tribological performance of human enamel, Applied Materials Today, 10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101645, 29, (101645), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2022. Grinevich D, Yakovlev N, Slavin A and Lashov O (2022) Simulation of the Delamination of Polymer Composite Materials during Mode I Fracture, Russian Metallurgy (Metally), 10.1134/S0036029522100081, 2022:10, (1109-1116), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2022. Wang L, Li S, Wang P, Chen R and Li Z (2022) Rational hyperelastic modelling of elastic poured compound for the failure analysis of embedded rail system, International Journal of Rail Transportation, 10.1080/23248378.2022.2118183, (1-22) Dwivedi P, Singh K, Chaudhary K and Mangal R (2022) Biomimetic Polymer Adhesives, ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 10.1021/acsapm.1c01285, 4:7, (4588-4608), Online publication date: 8-Jul-2022. Furmanski J (2022) Experimental fracture mechanics analysis of tearing in oriented polyethylene films using digital image correlation and full-field solid mechanics post-processing, International Journal of Fracture, 10.1007/s10704-021-00600-4, 236:1, (1-31), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2022. Barney C, Sacligil I, Tew G and Crosby A (2022) Linking cavitation and fracture to molecular scale structural damage of model networks, Soft Matter, 10.1039/D2SM00400C, 18:22, (4220-4226) Xing W and Tang Y (2022) On mechanical properties of nanocomposite hydrogels: Searching for superior properties, Nano Materials Science, 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.07.004, 4:2, (83-96), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2022. Chen W, Tan V, Zeng X and Li P (2022) FE2 methodology for discrete cohesive crack propagation in heterogenous materials, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108537, 269, (108537), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2022. Maiorana C, Jotawar R and German G (2022) Biomechanical fracture mechanics of composite layered skin-like materials, Soft Matter, 10.1039/D1SM01187A, 18:10, (2104-2112) Zafar M and Basu S (2022) Stiffness and toughness of soft, liquid reinforced composites, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104714, 159, (104714), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2022. MacKenzie J, Siren E, Daneshi M, Melnick R, Treskatis T, Wachs A, Kizhakkedathu J and Martinez D (2022) Fibre-reinforced biocompatible hydrogel to replace single-use plastic tubing in the clinical setting, Chemical Engineering Journal, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131786, 428, (131786), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2022. Spagnoli A, Brighenti R, Cosma M and Terzano M (2022) Fracture in soft elastic materials: Continuum description, molecular aspects and applications , 10.1016/bs.aams.2021.07.001, (255-307), . H. C. C, Kattimani S and Murigendrappa S (2021) Prediction of Cohesive Zone Length and Accurate Numerical Simulation of Delamination under Mixed-mode Loading, Applied Composite Materials, 10.1007/s10443-021-09939-2, 28:6, (1861-1898), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2021. Zheng S, Mao S, Yuan J, Wang S, He X, Zhang X, Du C, Zhang D, Wu Z and Yang J (2021) Molecularly Engineered Zwitterionic Hydrogels with High Toughness and Self-Healing Capacity for Soft Electronics Applications, Chemistry of Materials, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c02781, 33:21, (8418-8429), Online publication date: 9-Nov-2021. Yin T, Wu T, Liu J, Qu S and Yang W (2021) Essential work of fracture of soft elastomers, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104616, 156, (104616), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2021. Zhang M, Yu J, Shen K, Wang R, Du J, Zhao X, Yang Y, Xu K, Zhang Q, Zhang Y and Cheng Y (2021) Highly Stretchable Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Outstanding Antifatigue Fracture Based on Robust Noncovalent Interactions for Wound Healing, Chemistry of Materials, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c01790, 33:16, (6453-6463), Online publication date: 24-Aug-2021. Zhang B and Hutchens S (2021) On the relationship between cutting and tearing in soft elastic solids, Soft Matter, 10.1039/D1SM00527H, 17:28, (6728-6741) Huang W, Sun L, Liu Y, Chu Y and Wang J (2021) Effects of low-energy impact at different temperatures on residual properties of adhesively bonded single-lap joints with composites substrates, Composite Structures, 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113860, 267, (113860), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2021. Yang Z, Ma Z, Liu S and Li J (2021) Tissue adhesion with tough hydrogels: Experiments and modeling, Mechanics of Materials, 10.1016/j.mechmat.2021.103800, 157, (103800), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2021. Xiao Z, Liu Y, Yang J, Jiang H, Tang L, Chen H and Sun T (2021) Rate-dependent fracture behavior of tough polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels from biopolymers, Mechanics of Materials, 10.1016/j.mechmat.2021.103785, 156, (103785), Online publication date: 1-May-2021. Sun F, Zhang R and Blackman B (2021) Determination of the mode I crack tip opening rate and the rate dependent cohesive properties for structural adhesive joints using digital image correlation, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.01.034, 217-218, (60-73), Online publication date: 1-May-2021. Yu H, Andersen D, He J and Zhang Z (2021) Is it possible to measure the tensile strength and fracture toughness simultaneously using flattened Brazilian disk?, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.107633, 247, (107633), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2021. Memet E, Hilitski F, Dogic Z and Mahadevan L (2021) Static adhesion hysteresis in elastic structures, Soft Matter, 10.1039/D0SM02192J, 17:10, (2704-2710) Long R, Hui C, Gong J and Bouchbinder E (2021) The Fracture of Highly Deformable Soft Materials: A Tale of Two Length Scales, Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042020-023937, 12:1, (71-94), Online publication date: 10-Mar-2021. Xing W, Ghahfarokhi A, Xie C, Naghibi S, Campbell J and Tang Y (2021) Mechanical Properties of a Supramolecular Nanocomposite Hydrogel Containing Hydroxyl Groups Enriched Hyper-Branched Polymers, Polymers, 10.3390/polym13050805, 13:5, (805) Zhang Y, Li X and Klinkova A (2021) Numerical investigation of delamination onset and propagation in catalyst layers of PEM fuel cells under hygrothermal cycles, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.258, 46:19, (11071-11083), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021. Wang A, Zhou Y and Müser M (2021) Modeling Adhesive Hysteresis, Lubricants, 10.3390/lubricants9020017, 9:2, (17) Gliszczynski A and Wiącek N (2021) Experimental and numerical benchmark study of mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional GFRP laminates under shear loading using the end-notched flexure (ENF) test, Composite Structures, 10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113190, 258, (113190), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021. Rafiee R and Sahraei M (2021) Characterizing delamination toughness of laminated composites containing carbon nanotubes: Experimental study and stochastic multi-scale modeling, Composites Science and Technology, 10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108487, 201, (108487), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021. Koh C (2021) Bioinspired nanostructures for tailoring mechanical properties Handbook of Nanotechnology Applications, 10.1016/B978-0-12-821506-7.00027-2, (711-729), . Baumberger T and Ronsin O (2020) Environmental control of crack propagation in polymer hydrogels, Mechanics of Soft Materials, 10.1007/s42558-020-00027-2, 2:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Gao Q and Ghassemi A (2020) Finite element simulations of 3D planar hydraulic fracture propagation using a coupled hydro‐mechanical interface element, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 10.1002/nag.3116, 44:15, (1999-2024), Online publication date: 25-Oct-2020. Arora A, Lin T, Beech H, Mochigase H, Wang R and Olsen B (2020) Fracture of Polymer Networks Containing Topological Defects, Macromolecules, 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01038, 53:17, (7346-7355), Online publication date: 8-Sep-2020. Barney C, Dougan C, McLeod K, Kazemi-Moridani A, Zheng Y, Ye Z, Tiwari S, Sacligil I, Riggleman R, Cai S, Lee J, Peyton S, Tew G and Crosby A (2020) Cavitation in soft matter, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.1920168117, 117:17, (9157-9165), Online publication date: 28-Apr-2020. Gonzalez K, Xue J, Chu A and Kirane K (2020) Fracture and Energetic Strength Scaling of Soft, Brittle, and Weakly Nonlinear Elastomers, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 10.1115/1.4045903, 87:4, Online publication date: 1-Apr-2020. Kim J, Liu Z, Weon B, Cohen T, Hui C, Dufresne E and Style R (2020) Extreme cavity expansion in soft solids: Damage without fracture, Science Advances, 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0418, 6:13, Online publication date: 27-Mar-2020. Dompé M, Cedano‐Serrano F, Vahdati M, Westerveld L, Hourdet D, Creton C, Gucht J, Kodger T and Kamperman M (2019) Underwater Adhesion of Multiresponsive Complex Coacervates, Advanced Materials Interfaces, 10.1002/admi.201901785, 7:4, (1901785), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2020. Rodriguez N, Mangiagalli P and Persson B (2020) Viscoelastic Crack Propagation: Review of Theories and Applications Fatigue Crack Growth in Rubber Materials, 10.1007/12_2020_76, (377-420), . KÖKSAL H, AKTAN S and Bozdoğan K (2019) YALIN VE LİFLİ POLİMER SARGILI BETONARME KİRİŞLERDE EĞİLME DAVRANIŞININ SONLU ELEMAN MODELLEMESİ, Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 10.17482/uumfd.477912, (255-272) Leifels M, Mayer A and Scheer H (2019) Double replication for characterizing cracks in surface-hardened polydimethylsiloxane, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, 10.1116/1.5119691, 37:6, (061805), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2019. Kim J, Kim D, Baik S, Hwang G, Kim T and Pang C (2019) Snail‐Inspired Dry Adhesive with Embedded Microstructures for Enhancement of Energy Dissipation, Advanced Materials Technologies, 10.1002/admt.201900316, 4:11, (1900316), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2019. Ronsin O, Naassaoui I, Marcellan A and Baumberger T (2019) Environmental Nanoparticle-Induced Toughening and Pinning of a Growing Crack in a Biopolymer Hydrogel, Physical Review Letters, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.158002, 123:15 Yang C, Yin T and Suo Z (2019) Polyacrylamide hydrogels. I. Network imperfection, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 10.1016/j.jmps.2019.06.018, 131, (43-55), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2019. Yang J, Li Y, Yu X, Sun X, Zhu L, Qin G, Dai Y and Chen Q (2019) Tough and Conductive Dual Physically Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Wearable Sensors, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01796, 58:36, (17001-17009), Online publication date: 11-Sep-2019. Bae H, Kang M, Woo K, Kim I and In K (2019) Test and Analysis of Modes I, II and Mixed-Mode I/II Delamination for Carbon/Epoxy Composite Laminates, International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 10.1007/s42405-019-00170-9, 20:3, (636-652), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2019. Mishra S, Badani Prado R, Zhang S, Lacy T, Gu X and Kundu S (2019) Mechanical Properties and Failure Behavior of Physically Assembled Triblock Copolymer Gels with Varying Midblock Length, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 10.1002/polb.24860, 57:15, (1014-1026), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2019. Gliszczynski A, Samborski S, Wiacek N and Rzeczkowski J (2019) Mode I Interlaminar Fracture of Glass/Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates. Part II: Numerical Analysis, Materials, 10.3390/ma12101604, 12:10, (1604) Lee S and Pharr M (2019) Sideways and stable crack propagation in a silicone elastomer, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.1820424116, 116:19, (9251-9256), Online publication date: 7-May-2019. Pei P, Shi Y, Qi L and Gao C (2019) Effects of thermal stress on the failure of soft matter with sharp–hard inclusion, Acta Mechanica, 10.1007/s00707-019-2360-2, 230:5, (1843-1853), Online publication date: 1-May-2019. Zhang B, Shiang C, Yang S and Hutchens S (2019) Y-Shaped Cutting for the Systematic Characterization of Cutting and Tearing, Experimental Mechanics, 10.1007/s11340-019-00479-2, 59:4, (517-529), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2019. Spagnoli A, Terzano M, Brighenti R, Artoni F and Carpinteri A (2019) How Soft Polymers Cope with Cracks and Notches, Applied Sciences, 10.3390/app9061086, 9:6, (1086) Bai R, Yang J and Suo Z (2019) Fatigue of hydrogels, European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2018.12.001, 74, (337-370), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2019. Liu C, Mayumi K, Hayashi K, Jiang L, Yokoyama H and Ito K (2019) Direct Observation of Large Deformation and Fracture Behavior at the Crack Tip of Slide-Ring Gel, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 10.1149/2.0241909jes, 166:9, (B3143-B3147), . Dutta A, Maity S and Das R (2018) A Highly Stretchable, Tough, Self‐Healing, and Thermoprocessable Polyacrylamide–Chitosan Supramolecular Hydrogel, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 10.1002/mame.201800322, 303:12, (1800322), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2018. Chopin J, Villey R, Yarusso D, Barthel E, Creton C and Ciccotti M (2018) Nonlinear Viscoelastic Modeling of Adhesive Failure for Polyacrylate Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Macromolecules, 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01374, 51:21, (8605-8610), Online publication date: 13-Nov-2018. Rattan S and Crosby A (2018) Effect of far-field compliance on local failure dynamics of soft solids, Extreme Mechanics Letters, 10.1016/j.eml.2018.08.003, 24, (14-20), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2018. Yu X, Li Y, Yang J, Chen F, Tang Z, Zhu L, Qin G, Dai Y and Chen Q (2018) Nanoclay Reinforced Self-Cross-Linking Poly( N -Hydroxyethyl Acrylamide) Hydrogels with Integrated High Performances , Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 10.1002/mame.201800295, 303:9, (1800295), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2018. Naassaoui I, Ronsin O and Baumberger T (2018) A poroelastic signature of the dry/wet state of a crack tip propagating steadily in a physical hydrogel, Extreme Mechanics Letters, 10.1016/j.eml.2018.04.004, 22, (8-12), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018. Bartell L, Xu M, Bonassar L and Cohen I (2018) Local and global measurements show that damage initiation in articular cartilage is inhibited by the surface layer and has significant rate dependence, Journal of Biomechanics, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.02.033, 72, (63-70), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018. Wu Z, Zhang S, Vorobyev A, Gamstedt K, Wu K, Guo C and Jeong S (2018) Seamless modulus gradient structures for highly resilient, stretchable system integration, Materials Today Physics, 10.1016/j.mtphys.2018.02.002, 4, (28-35), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2018. Yamaguchi T, Creton C and Doi M (2018) Simple model on debonding of soft adhesives, Soft Matter, 10.1039/C8SM00723C, 14:30, (6206-6213) Kundan K and Ghatak A (2018) The effect of shape on the fracture of a soft elastic gel subjected to shear load, Soft Matter, 10.1039/C7SM02392H, 14:8, (1365-1374) Arora S, Shabbir A, Hassager O, Ligoure C and Ramos L (2017) Brittle fracture of polymer transient networks, Journal of Rheology, 10.1122/1.4997587, 61:6, (1267-1275), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2017. Lee B, Ryu J, Baek I, Kim Y, Jang W, Kim S, Yoon Y, Kim S, Hong S, Byun S and Yu H (2017) Silicone-Based Adhesives with Highly Tunable Adhesion Force for Skin-Contact Applications, Advanced Healthcare Materials, 10.1002/adhm.201700621, 6:22, (1700621), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2017. Aoyanagi Y and Okumura K (2017) Stationary crack propagation in a two-dimensional visco-elastic network model, Polymer, 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.033, 120, (94-99), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2017. Eisenhaure J and Kim S (2017) A Review of the State of Dry Adhesives: Biomimetic Structures and the Alternative Designs They Inspire, Micromachines, 10.3390/mi8040125, 8:4, (125) Waimer M, Siemann M and Feser T (2017) Simulation of CFRP components subjected to dynamic crash loads, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.11.011, 101, (115-131), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2017. Gonzalez M, Simon J, Ghoorchian A, Scholl Z, Lin S, Rubinstein M, Marszalek P, Chilkoti A, López G and Zhao X (2017) Strong, Tough, Stretchable, and Self‐Adhesive Hydrogels from Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins, Advanced Materials, 10.1002/adma.201604743, 29:10, (1604743), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2017. Doran B, Orhun Koksal H, Aktan S, Ulukaya S, Oktay D and Yuzer N (2016) In-Plane Shear Behavior of Traditional Masonry Walls, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 10.1080/15583058.2016.1207114, 11:2, (278-291), Online publication date: 17-Feb-2017. Jin C and Ebenstein D (2016) Nanoindentation of compliant materials using Berkovich tips and flat tips, Journal of Materials Research, 10.1557/jmr.2016.483, 32:2, (435-450), Online publication date: 27-Jan-2017. Liu Y, Zhang K, Ma J and Vancso G (2016) Thermoresponsive Semi-IPN Hydrogel Microfibers from Continuous Fluidic Processing with High Elasticity and Fast Actuation, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10.1021/acsami.6b13097, 9:1, (901-908), Online publication date: 11-Jan-2017. Tang Z, Chen F, Chen Q, Zhu L, Yan X, Chen H, Ren B, Yang J, Qin G and Zheng J (2017) The energy dissipation and Mullins effect of tough polymer/graphene oxide hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels, Polymer Chemistry, 10.1039/C7PY01068K, 8:32, (4659-4672) Elzière P, Dalle-Ferrier C, Creton C, Barthel É and Ciccotti M (2017) Large strain viscoelastic dissipation during interfacial rupture in laminated glass, Soft Matter, 10.1039/C6SM02785G, 13:8, (1624-1633) Chen C, Wang Z and Suo Z (2017) Flaw sensitivity of highly stretchable materials, Extreme Mechanics Letters, 10.1016/j.eml.2016.10.002, 10, (50-57), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2017. Guo H, Sanson N, Hourdet D and Marcellan A (2016) Thermoresponsive Toughening with Crack Bifurcation in Phase-Separated Hydrogels under Isochoric Conditions, Advanced Materials, 10.1002/adma.201600514, 28:28, (5857-5864), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2016. Jin C (2016) Numerical investigation of indentation tests on a transversely isotropic elastic material by power-law shaped axisymmetric indenters, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 10.1080/01694243.2016.1150119, 30:11, (1223-1242), Online publication date: 2-Jun-2016. Creton C and Ciccotti M (2016) Fracture and adhesion of soft materials: a review, Reports on Progress in Physics, 10.1088/0034-4885/79/4/046601, 79:4, (046601), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2016. Peloquin J and Elliott D (2016) A comparison of stress in cracked fibrous tissue specimens with varied crack location, loading, and orientation using finite element analysis, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.12.004, 57, (260-268), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2016. Guo J, Luo J and Xiao Z (2016) On the opening profile and near tip fields of an interface crack between a polymeric hydrogel and a rigid substrate, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.12.029, 153, (91-102), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2016. Liu W and Long R (2015) Constructing Continuous Strain and Stress Fields From Spatially Discrete Displacement Data in Soft Materials, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 10.1115/1.4031763, 83:1, Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016. Shi F, Zhong M, Zhang L, Liu X and Xie X (2016) Robust and self-healable nanocomposite physical hydrogel facilitated by the synergy of ternary crosslinking points in a single network, Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 10.1039/C6TB01606E, 4:37, (6221-6227) Moslemi M and Khoshravan azar M (2016) Delamination analysis of woven fabrication laminates using cohesive zone model, Journal of Central South University, 10.1007/s11771-016-3045-9, 23:1, (27-38), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016. Klein A, Whitten P, Resch K and Pinter G (2015) Nanocomposite hydrogels: Fracture toughness and energy dissipation mechanisms, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 10.1002/polb.23912, 53:24, (1763-1773), Online publication date: 15-Dec-2015. Caimmi F, Calabrò R, Briatico-Vangosa F, Marano C and Rink M (2015) Toughness of natural rubber compounds under biaxial loading, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.08.003, 149, (250-261), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2015. Ha K, Baek H and Park K (2015) Convergence of fracture process zone size in cohesive zone modeling, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 10.1016/j.apm.2015.03.030, 39:19, (5828-5836), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2015. Zhang T, Lin S, Yuk H and Zhao X (2015) Predicting fracture energies and crack-tip fields of soft tough materials, Extreme Mechanics Letters, 10.1016/j.eml.2015.07.007, 4, (1-8), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015. Long R and Hui C (2015) Crack tip fields in soft elastic solids subjected to large quasi-static deformation — A review, Extreme Mechanics Letters, 10.1016/j.eml.2015.06.002, 4, (131-155), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015. Hong S, Sycks D, Chan H, Lin S, Lopez G, Guilak F, Leong K and Zhao X (2015) 3D Printing of Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels into Complex, Cellularized Structures, Advanced Materials, 10.1002/adma.201501099, 27:27, (4035-4040), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2015. Labonte D and Federle W (2015) Rate-dependence of ‘wet’ biological adhesives and the function of the pad secretion in insects, Soft Matter, 10.1039/C5SM01496D, 11:44, (8661-8673) Haider H, Yang C, Zheng W, Yang J, Wang M, Yang S, Zrínyi M, Osada Y, Suo Z, Zhang Q, Zhou J and Chen Y (2015) Exceptionally tough and notch-insensitive magnetic hydrogels, Soft Matter, 10.1039/C5SM01487E, 11:42, (8253-8261) Villey R, Creton C, Cortet P, Dalbe M, Jet T, Saintyves B, Santucci S, Vanel L, Yarusso D and Ciccotti M (2015) Rate-dependent elastic hysteresis during the peeling of pressure sensitive adhesives, Soft Matter, 10.1039/C5SM00260E, 11:17, (3480-3491) Fakhouri S, Hutchens S and Crosby A (2015) Puncture mechanics of soft solids, Soft Matter, 10.1039/C5SM00230C, 11:23, (4723-4730) Williams J (2015) Stress at a distance fracture criteria and crack self-blunting in rubber, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2014.06.008, 68, (33-36), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2015. Lefranc M and Bouchaud E (2014) Mode I fracture of a biopolymer gel: Rate-dependent dissipation and large deformations disentangled, Extreme Mechanics Letters, 10.1016/j.eml.2014.11.004, 1, (97-103), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014. Luo F, Sun T, Nakajima T, Kurokawa T, Zhao Y, Ihsan A, Guo H, Li X and Gong J (2014) Crack Blunting and Advancing Behaviors of Tough and Self-healing Polyampholyte Hydrogel, Macromolecules, 10.1021/ma5009447, 47:17, (6037-6046), Online publication date: 9-Sep-2014. Zhao L, Gong Y, Zhang J, Chen Y and Fei B (2014) Simulation of delamination growth in multidirectional laminates under mode I and mixed mode I/II loadings using cohesive elements, Composite Structures, 10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.05.042, 116, (509-522), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2014. Elmukashfi E and Kroon M (2014) Numerical analysis of dynamic crack propagation in biaxially strained rubber sheets, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.04.025, 124-125, (1-17), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2014. Aksak B, Sahin K and Sitti M (2014) The optimal shape of elastomer mushroom-like fibers for high and robust adhesion, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 10.3762/bjnano.5.74, 5, (630-638) Sliozberg Y, Hoy R, Mrozek R, Lenhart J and Andzelm J (2014) Role of entanglements and bond scission in high strain-rate deformation of polymer gels, Polymer, 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.03.051, 55:10, (2543-2551), Online publication date: 1-May-2014. Ronsin O, Caroli C and Baumberger T (2014) Crack front échelon instability in mixed mode fracture of a strongly nonlinear ela