Abstract

CP2K is an open source electronic structure and molecular dynamics software package to perform atomistic simulations of solid-state, liquid, molecular, and biological systems. It is especially aimed at massively parallel and linear-scaling electronic structure methods and state-of-the-art ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Excellent performance for electronic structure calculations is achieved using novel algorithms implemented for modern high-performance computing systems. This review revisits the main capabilities of CP2K to perform efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations. The emphasis is put on density functional theory and multiple post-Hartree-Fock methods using the Gaussian and plane wave approach and its augmented all-electron extension.

Highlights

  • The geometric increase in the performance of computers over the last few decades, together with advances in theoretical methods and applied mathematics, has established computational science as an indispensable technique in chemistry, physics, and life and materials sciences

  • To increase the efficiency of the LRIGPW implementation, we developed an integral scheme based on solid harmonic Gaussian functions,[30] which is superior to the widely used Cartesian Gaussian-based methods

  • Since in CP2K, these types of simulations, where multiple constrained DFT (CDFT) states are treated in parallel, leverage the mixed force methods described in Sec

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

The geometric increase in the performance of computers over the last few decades, together with advances in theoretical methods and applied mathematics, has established computational science as an indispensable technique in chemistry, physics, and life and materials sciences. Electronic structure theory based ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) can be thought of as a computational microscope.[1,2,3]. The open source electronic structure and molecular dynamics (MD) software package CP2K aims to provide a broad range of computational methods and simulation approaches suitable for extended condensed-phase systems. The latter is made possible by combining efficient algorithms with excellent parallel scalability to exploit modern high-performance computing architectures. Along with conducting efficient large-scale AIMD simulations, CP2K provides a much broader range of capabilities, which includes the possibility of choosing the most adequate approach for a given problem and the flexibility of combining computational methods.

GAUSSIAN AND PLANE WAVE METHOD
Dual-space pseudopotentials
Basis sets
Local density fitting approach
Gaussian-augmented plane wave approach
HARTREE–FOCK AND HYBRID DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY METHODS
Second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory
Scaled opposite-spin MP2
Implementation
Applications
Random phase approximation correlation energy method
Implementation of the quartic scaling RPA and SOS-MP2 methods
Cubic scaling RPA and SOS-MP2 method
Ionization potentials and electron affinities from GW
CONSTRAINED DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY
Mixed constrained density functional theory
DENSITY FUNCTIONAL PERTURBATION THEORY
Polarizability
Nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
Linear-response time-dependent density functional theory
Real-time time-dependent density functional theory and Ehrenfest dynamics
VIII. DIAGONALIZATION-BASED AND LOW-SCALING EIGENSOLVER
Traditional diagonalization
Pseudodiagonalization
Orbital transformations
Purification methods
Sign-method
Submatrix method
LOCALIZED MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Localization of orthogonal and non-orthogonal molecular orbitals
Linear scaling methods based on localized one-electron orbitals
Polarized atomic orbitals from machine learning
AB INITIO MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics
Second-generation Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics
Multiple-time-step integrator
Energy decomposition analysis based on compact localized molecular orbitals
Normal mode analysis of infrared spectroscopy
Mode selective vibrational analysis
EMBEDDING METHODS
Partial atomic charges from electrostatic potential fitting
Density functional embedding theory
Implicit solvent techniques
Poisson solvers
XIII. DBCSR LIBRARY
Message passing interface parallelization
Local multiplication
Outlook
INTERFACES TO OTHER PROGRAMS
Non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism
SIRIUS
TECHNICAL AND COMMUNITY ASPECTS
Hardware acceleration
Approximate computing
Benchmarking
MOLOPT basis set and delta test
CP2K workflows
Findings
GitHub and general tooling

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