Abstract
From the perspective of mathematical epidemiology, COVID-19 epidemics emerge due to instabilities in epidemiological systems. It is shown that the COVID-19 outbreaks follow highly specified paths in epidemiological state spaces. These paths are described by phase portraits that can be readily computed from epidemiological models defined in terms of nonlinear dynamical systems. The paths are predicted by order parameters and amplitude equations that are well known in nonlinear physics and synergetics to exist at instability points. The approach is illustrated for SIR, SEIR and SEIAR models and epidemic outbreaks in China, Italy and West Africa. Identifying such COVID-19 order parameters may help in forecasting COVID-19 epidemics and predicting the impacts of intervention measures.
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