Abstract
Developing safe and effective vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at a breakneck speed has been an exceptional human achievement. It remains our best hope of containing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, newer, more aggressive SARS-CoV-2 viral strains, as well as the possibility of fading immunity following vaccination, have prompted health officials to investigate the necessity for additional immunization. This has put further pressure on disregarded human life in lower-income countries that already have minimal access to COVID-19 vaccines. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have recommended a third COVID-19 vaccine dose in immunocompromised individuals in a recent announcement. Governments and health care officials need to develop usage guidelines for COVID-19 vaccine booster doses while considering the dangers of potential waning immunity and new viral strains and prioritizing vulnerable populations everywhere, including those living in lower-income countries.
Highlights
Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)remains our main hope of controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
COVID-19 vaccines that are approved by World Health Organization (WHO) under the emergency use listing (EUL) include the messenger RNA BNT162b2 Pfizer BioNTech (Pfizer, Inc; Philadelphia, PA, USA) and mRNA-1273 Moderna vaccines (MOdernaTX, Inc; Cambridge, MA, USA); viral vector vaccines (AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK) and Janssen Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen Biotech, Inc; A Janssen Pharmaceutical company, Johnson & Johnson; New Brunswick, NJ, USA); and inactivated virus vaccines Sinopharm (China National Pharmaceutical Group, Beijing, China) and Sinovac (Sinovac Biotech Ltd.; Beijing, China) [1,2,3,4]
National Health Service (NHS) Hospital centers. They found that SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers were higher after the extended dosing interval (6–14 weeks) compared to the conventional three to four-week regimens [22] for the second vaccine dose of an mRNA-based vaccine (BNT162b2 mRNAPfizer/BioNTech)
Summary
Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). remains our main hope of controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The situation is much worse in developing countries; for instance, in low-income countries, only 2.8% of people have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine [6]. This inequitable administration of COVID-19 vaccines is an unacceptable situation from both ethical and healthcare standpoints. Despite this global inequity in COVID-vaccination, a few countries that have vaccinated a more significant proportion of their population face a new set of questions, including the emergence of viral variants and concerns about waning immunity after vaccination. This article reviews the current literature on the need for a vaccine booster and its potential target population
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