COVID-19: Specific and Non-Specific Clinical Manifestations and Symptoms: The Current State of Knowledge.

Jacek Baj,Grzegorz Buszewicz,Piero Portincasa,Grzegorz Teresiński,Ryszard Maciejewski,Marzanna Ciesielka,Ryszard Sitarz,Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz,Kaja Karakuła,Alicja Forma,Wojciech Flieger

doi:10.3390/jcm9061753

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become an epidemiological threat and a worldwide concern. SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 210 countries worldwide and more than 6,500,000 confirmed cases and 384,643 deaths have been reported, while the number of both confirmed and fatal cases is continually increasing. COVID-19 is a viral disease that can affect every age group—from infants to the elderly—resulting in a wide spectrum of various clinical manifestations. COVID-19 might present different degrees of severity—from mild or even asymptomatic carriers, even to fatal cases. The most common complications include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Fever, dry cough, muscle weakness, and chest pain are the most prevalent and typical symptoms of COVID-19. However, patients might also present atypical symptoms that can occur alone, which might indicate the possible SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this paper is to review and summarize all of the findings regarding clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients, which include respiratory, neurological, olfactory and gustatory, gastrointestinal, ophthalmic, dermatological, cardiac, and rheumatologic manifestations, as well as specific symptoms in pediatric patients.

Highlights

The first reported case of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection (Wuhan, Hubei Province, China), in December 2019, began the outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), immediately becoming a huge global health concern
The aim of this paper is to review and summarize all of the findings regarding clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients, which include respiratory, neurological, olfactory and gustatory, gastrointestinal, ophthalmic, dermatological, cardiac, and rheumatologic manifestations, as well as specific symptoms in pediatric patients
Zhang et al showed that patients with high leukocyte count (>10 × 109/L), higher neutrophil count (>7 × 109/L), and lower lymphocyte count (

Summary

Introduction

The first reported case of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection (Wuhan, Hubei Province, China), in December 2019, began the outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), immediately becoming a huge global health concern. There are approximately 6,500,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and more than 384,000 deaths, which were reported in more than 200 countries worldwide [3]. The fatality rate due to COVID-19 varies from 1% to more than 7%, and the main causation remains a respiratory failure; the complete course of the disease is still not yet understood [4]. The mortality rates of the major previous epidemics—a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)—were estimated at 9.6% and up to 34.5%, respectively (Table 1) [5].

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