COVID-19, Rate of Case Factors and Nutritional Characteristics of Patients Dying in Italy and Brazil: A Critical Analyze

Eliza Miranda Ramos,Valter Aragão Do Nascimento,Francisco José Mendes Dos Reis,Antônio Carlos De Abreu,Igor Domingos De Souza,Sandra Luzinete Félix De Freitas,Matheus Dullius De Lima,Alessandro Carvalho Da Fonseca,Hugo Vieira Ramos,Liliane De Mello Santos Bochenek

doi:10.5539/gjhs.v12n7p133

Eliza Miranda Ramos, Valter Aragão Do Nascimento + Show 8 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n7p133

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Abstract

Viruses continued to emerge and bring challenges to the global public health system with emerging viruses with respiratory contagion. Previous studies have shown that the increased incidence of certain viral respiratory infections, including influenza and coronavirus, is associated with low levels of Vitamin D, zinc and iron. Elements such as iron, zinc and Vitamin D influence adaptive immunity by inhibiting the proliferation of B cells with differentiation and secretion of immunoglobulins that will supply the proliferation of T cells and this will result in a more pro-inflammatory response change.

Highlights

Previous studies have shown that the increased incidence of certain viral respiratory infections, including influenza and coronavirus, is associated with low levels of Vitamin D, zinc and iron
Zinc and Vitamin D influence adaptive immunity by inhibiting the proliferation of B cells with differentiation and secretion of immunoglobulins that will supply the proliferation of T cells and this will result in a more pro-inflammatory response change
In February 2020, severe pneumonia caused by Beta Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) hit northern Italy called (Pan American Health Organization, 2020) the current outbreak, has 368.338 confirmed cases worldwide, with 16.113 deaths, in 23 March 2020 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with Public Health centers in other countries (Pan American Health Organization, 2020)

Summary

Introduction

In February 2020, severe pneumonia caused by Beta Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) hit northern Italy called (Pan American Health Organization, 2020) the current outbreak, has 368.338 confirmed cases worldwide, with 16.113 deaths, in 23 March 2020 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with Public Health centers in other countries (Pan American Health Organization, 2020). It is worth mentioning that tissue hypoxia due to an iron or anemine deficit, presents an increase in muscle activity duringthe probable complications, as there is an increase in the nutritional demand for parasitized erythrocytes, inhibition of glucose oxidation in the mitochondria of erythrocytes caused by thiamine deficit (Ampawong et al, 2015; Amorin et al, 2012) fever and the consequent increase in cytokines (Hughes and Kelly, 2006), by decreasing the clearance of lactate by the liver due to reduced hepatic blood flow (Adjuik et al, 2004), usually the sequestration of infected erythrocytes in capillaries and venules causes damage to the adequate supply of oxygen and leads to glycolysis anaerobic (Agbnyega et al, 2000), which causes lactic acidosis with an increased ratio of lactate and pyruvate and with this increase in lactate there is a reduction in the clearance of blood flow from the liver due to a decrease in glycogenesis (Andrade et al, 2010), the results of the latest studies have shown that it is necessary to surveillance for these vulnerable patients is in 2019-nCoV infection (Pan American Health Organization, 2020, Chain et al, 2020). Each population or health agency in your country should check zinc supplementation strategies for populations at risk, such as preventive conduct (Kaiser et al, 2006), in addition to the importance of standardizing the amounts of zinc to be offered, in order not to exceed the ideal levels of maximum allowed intake so as not to risk the evaluated population (Prasad, 2009; Piyush, 2016)

VITAMIN D

Findings

Conclusion