Abstract
Whereas the XX century marked the history of acute respiratory disease investigation as a period for generating in-depth system of combating influenza viruses (Articulavirales: Orthomyxoviridae, Alpha-/Betainfluenzavirus) (based on environmental and virological monitoring of influenza A virus in its natural reservoir — aquatic and semi-aquatic birds — to supervising epidemic influenza), a similar system is necessary to build up in the XXI century with regard to especially dangerous betacoronaviruses (Nidovirales: Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus): Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (subgenus Sarbecovirus), Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) (Sarbecovirus), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (Merbecovirus). This became particularly evident after pandemic potential has been revealed in 2020 by the SARS-CoV-2. This review provides an insight into the historic timeline of discovering this virus, its current taxonomy, ecology, virion morphology, life cycle, molecular biology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of the etiologically related COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) as well as data available in the scientific literature on the anti-SARS-CoV-2-effectiveness of passive immunotherapy and most debated drugs used to treat COVID-19: Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin, Lopinavir and Ritonavir, Camostat mesilate, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Tocilizumab, Anakinra, corticosteroids, and type I interferons. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection implicates decreased efficacy of artificial respiration, which, in this case might be replaced by more efficient extracorporeal membrane blood oxygenation supplemented with nitrogen oxide and/or Heliox inhalations.
Highlights
Первый коронавирус был открыт в 1931 г. — им стал вирус инфекционного бронхита (IBV — Infectious bronchitis virus), в 2009 г. переименованный в коронавирус птиц (ACoV — Avian coronavirus) (Gammacoronavirus, Igacovirus)2; первый коронавирус млекопитающих (1946 г.) — вирус трансмиссивного гастроэнтерита свиней (TGEV — Transmissible gastroenteritis virus), рассматриваемый сегодня как подвид альфакоронавируса 1-го типа (AlphaCoV1 — Alphacoronavirus 1) (Alphacoronavirus, Tegacovirus); первый коронавирус человека (1965 г.) — HCoV-B814 (Human coronavirus B814), который, как и большинство коронавирусов человека, изолированных в 1960-х гг., не сохранился в микробиологических коллекциях, и его таксономическое положение осталось неидентифицированным [31]
Whereas the XX century marked the history of acute respiratory disease investigation as a period for generating in-depth system of combating influenza viruses (Articulavirales: Orthomyxoviridae, Alpha-/Betainfluenzavirus), a similar system is necessary to build up in the XXI century with regard to especially dangerous betacoronaviruses (Nidovirales: Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus): Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) (Sarbecovirus), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (Merbecovirus)
This became evident after pandemic potential has been revealed in 2020 by the SARS-CoV-2
Summary
Shchelkanov M.Yu.a,b,c, Kolobukhina L.V.d, Burgasova O.A.e, Kruzhkova I.S.d, Maleev V.V.f a International Scientific and Educational Center for Biological Security of Rospotrebnadzor, Vladivostok, Russian Federation b Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of RAS, Vladivostok, Russian Federation c Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Primorsky Territory, Vladivostok, Russian Federation d D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of the N.F. Gamaleya National Scientific Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russian Federation e Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation f Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, Russian Federation
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