Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged coronavirus, and has been pandemic since March 2020 and led to many fatalities. Vaccines represent the most efficient means to control and stop the pandemic of COVID-19. However, currently there is no effective COVID-19 vaccine approved to use worldwide except for two human adenovirus vector vaccines, three inactivated vaccines, and one peptide vaccine for early or limited use in China and Russia. Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are in urgent need. Researchers around the world are developing 213 COVID-19 candidate vaccines, among which 44 are in human trials. In this review, we summarize and analyze vaccine progress against SARS-CoV, Middle-East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus like particles, nucleic acid vaccines, and viral vector vaccines. As SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV share the common genus, Betacoronavirus, this review of the major research progress will provide a reference and new insights into the COVID-19 vaccine design and development.
Highlights
Coronaviruses are members of the subfamily Coronavirinae composed of four genera -Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus, in the family Coronaviridae, under the order Nidovirales [1]
We briefly review past and current CoV vaccine research and development against SARS (Table 1), MERS (Table 2), and SARS-CoV-2 (Table 3) (Figure 1), including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus like particles, nucleic acid vaccines, and viral vector vaccines, aiming to provide a reference and new insights, to facilitate the better and faster development of COVID-19 vaccines
SARS-CoV Vaccines the immunity of Measles virus (MV) vector among humans may be an obstacle for its application, the SARS-CoV S protein expressed by the measles virus (MV) vector induced high neutralizing antibodies and Th1 cell immune responses in susceptible mice, along with effective protection from challenge
Summary
Coronaviruses are members of the subfamily Coronavirinae composed of four genera -Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus, in the family Coronaviridae, under the order Nidovirales [1]. In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus was identified in Wuhan, China as a new Betacoronavirus [5] This new virus causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). There are 14 inactivated vaccines, four live attenuated vaccines, 72 protein subunit vaccines, 17 DNA vaccines, 27 RNA-based vaccines, 16 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, 26 non-replicating viral vector vaccines, and 18 replicating viral vector vaccines (Figure 1A). We briefly review past and current CoV vaccine research and development against SARS (Table 1), MERS (Table 2), and SARS-CoV-2 (Table 3) (Figure 1), including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus like particles, nucleic acid vaccines, and viral vector vaccines, aiming to provide a reference and new insights, to facilitate the better and faster development of COVID-19 vaccines
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