Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel human coronavirus that has sparked a global pandemic of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). The virus invades human cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-driven pathway, primarily targeting the human respiratory tract. However, emerging reports of neurological manifestations demonstrate the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. This review highlights the possible routes by which SARS-CoV-2 may invade the central nervous system (CNS) and provides insight into recent case reports of COVID-19-associated neurological disorders, namely ischaemic stroke, encephalitis, encephalopathy, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory-mediated neurological disorders. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction may be implicated in the development of the observed disorders; however, further research is critical to understand the detailed mechanisms and pathway of infectivity behind CNS pathogenesis.
Highlights
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
The authors suggest that these laboratory findings are indicative of intrathecal mode of activate inflammation [90,95]. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent inflammatory response could trigger
It is challenging to prove SARS-CoV-2 was the cause of encephalitis, Khoo et al suggest that infection may have contributed to disease pathogenesis as the patient developed severe symptoms one week after COVID-19 [89]
Summary
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Other human coronaviruses include HCoV-22E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Middle. Individuals of all ages are at a higher risk for severe illness if they have underlying medical conditions or suffer from comorbidities such as chronic lung, kidney, or liver disease, moderate to severe asthma, severe heart conditions, diabetes, severe obesity, and conditions that cause immunodeficiency [12] It has been well-established that SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells through interaction with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor [13]. We highlight the possible pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 may invade the brain and briefly discuss the recent case reports of neurological disorders associated with COVID-19 illness, focusing primarily on CNS manifestations
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